Previous abstract Next abstract
preċedenti astratti Li jmiss astratti
Session 40 - The Interstellar Medium.
Sessjoni 40 - Il-medju ta' Interstallar.
Display session, Tuesday, June 09
Is-sessjoni ta' wiri, it-Tlieta, Ġunju 09
Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) explosions can make kpc-size shells and holes in the interstellar media (ISM) of spiral galaxies if much of the energy heats the local gas to above 10^7 K. Disk blowout is probably the major cause for energy loss in this case, but the momentum acquired during the pressurized expansion phase can be large enough that the bubble still snowplows to a kpc diameter.
Gamma Ray Butir (GRB) splużjonijiet jistgħu jagħmlu kpc-daqs tal-qoxra u toqob fil-midja interstarler (ISM) tal galaxies jekk ħafna mill-enerġija jsaħħnu l-gass lokali għal aktar minn 10 ^ 7 K. Disk blowout probabbilment huwa l-kawża maġġuri għat-telf tal-enerġija f'dan il-każ, iżda l-momentum akkwistat matul il-fażi ta 'espansjoni ippressat jista ' jkun kbir biżżejjed li l-bużżieqa xorta tidher fid-dijametru kpc.
This differs from the standard model for the origin of such shells by multiple supernovae, which may have problems with radiative cooling, evaporative losses, and disk blow-out. Evidence for giant shells with energies of \sim10^53 ergs are summarized.
Dan huwa differenti mill-mudell standard għall-oriġini ta' dawn il-qxur b'supernova multipla, li jista' jkollhom problemi bit-tkessiħ radjuattiv, it-telf evaporattiv, u l-fluss tad-diska.
Some contain no obvious central star clusters and may be GRB remnants, although sufficiently old clusters would be hard to detect. The expected frequency of GRBs in normal galaxies can account for the number of such shells.
Xi wħud ma jinkludu l-ebda raggruppamenti ċentrali bi stilla ovvji u jistgħu jkunu fdalijiet tal-GB, għalkemm raggruppamenti biżżejjed qodma jkunu diffiċli biex jiġu identifikati. Il-frekwenza mistennija tal-BĊN f'galaxies normali tista' tgħodd għan-numru ta' dawn il-qxur.
Program listing for Tuesday
Lista tal-Programm għat-Tlieta
A land whose rich cultural heritage is discovered not only from within the walls of numerous museums, galleries and churches, many of which today, as zero category monuments are included in a part of the UNESCO World Heritage List, but also in that magical place on the Mediterranean, where even the shortest stroll becomes a journey down a staircase thousands of years old, which takes one through a history that is at the same time turbulent, exciting and glorious.
Art li l-wirt kulturali rikk tagħha huwa skopert mhux biss mill-ħitan ta' bosta mużewijiet, galleriji u knejjes, li ħafna minnhom illum, bħala monumenti tal-kategorija żero hija inkluża f'parti mil-Lista tal-Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO, iżda wkoll f'dak il-post maġika fil-Mediterran, fejn anke l-iqsar istokk isir vjaġġ 'l isfel mit-taraġ ta' eluf ta' snin antiki, li jseħħ wieħed permezz ta' storja li tkun fl-istess ħin ta' taqlib, eċċitanti u glorjuż.
With as many as seven cultural phenomena- The Festivity of Saint Blaise, lace-making in Lepoglava, Hvar and Pag, the bell ringers from the Kastav region, the Hvar Procession Za Križem, (‘following the Cross’), two-part singing in the Istrian scale, in Istria and Hrvatsko Primorje, the spring procession of ‘Ljelje’ and traditional manufacture of wooden toys in the Hrvatsko zagorje region, Croatia is among the countries with the most protected intangible cultural heritage elements, recorded on the UNESCO List.
B'ħafna minn seba' fenomeni kulturali - Il-Festività ta' San Blaise, it-tfassil tal-bizzilla f'Lepoglava, Hvar u Page, iċ-ċrieki tal-qanpiena mir-reġjun ta' Kasva, il-Proċess Hvar Za Križem, (“wara s-Salib”), il-produzzjoni tal-molla ta' ‘Lje' u l-manifattura tradizzjonali tal-ġugarelli tal-injam fir-reġjun tal-Hrvatska zagorje, il-Kroazja hija fost il-pajjiżi bl-aktar elementi ta' wirt kulturali intanġibbli protetti, irreġistrati fil-Lista tal-UNESCO.
The famous scientist Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), inventor of alternating current.
Ix-xjenzjat famuż Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), inventur tal-kurrent ta' l-alterazzjoni.
Was born in Smiljan, Croatia, died in New York, USA.
It-twelid ta' Smiljan, il-Kroazja, miet fi New York, l-Istati Uniti.
Dog breed Dalmatian originates from these areas? In a small Franciscan monastery in Zaostrog, there is a painting from 1724 which for the first time depicts a Dalmatian dog…
Fil-monasteru żgħir ta' Franciscan f'Zaostrog hemm pittura minn 1724 li għall-ewwel darba turi kelb Dalmatian...
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala
Slavolub Eduard Penkala
In 1906, a Croat Slavoljub Eduard Penkala for the first time applied for a patent for a ballpoint (penkala) and a holder for a fountain pen.
Fl-1906, a Croat Slvojub Eduard Penkala għall-ewwel darba applikat għal privattiva għal ballpoint (penkala) u detentur għal pinna Funtana.
From time immemorial, the tie has been a part of the Croatian national costume, which was preserved by the Croats to the more recent times, who moved to central Europe in the 16th century.
Minn żmien immorali, ir-rabta kienet parti mill-kostum nazzjonali Kroat, li ġie ppreservat mill-Kroazja sal-aktar żminijiet riċenti, li marru jgħixu fl-Ewropa ċentrali fis-seklu 16.
It was later taken over by the Croatian soldiers who were fighting in Europe, and a part of their uniform was assumed by the French in the 17th century.
Dan l-aħħar ittieħed mis-suldati Kroati li kienu qed jiġġieldu fl-Ewropa, u parti mill-uniformi tagħhom kienet assunta mill-Franċiż fis-seklu 17.
Under the leadership of the French „God of Sun" Louis XIV there was a horsemen unit, the so-called Royal cravate, who wore mostly red collar ribbons.
Taħt it-tmexxija tal-Franċiżi „ Alla ta' Sun" Louis XIV kien hemm unità taż-żwiemel, l-hekk imsejħa rivali Rjali, li kienu l-aktar iż-żigarella ħamra.
The custom of wearing ribbons from the Croats dates back to this time, which was later expanded around Europe and the world, and today is inevitably the most important detail in men's fashion, and also an original Croatian souvenir.
Id-dwana tal-ilbies tar-ribelli mill-Croats tmur lura għal dan iż-żmien, li aktar tard ġiet estiża madwar l-Ewropa u d-dinja, u llum huwa inevitabbilment l-aktar dettall importanti fil-moda tal-irġiel, u wkoll sopravivenza Kroat oriġinali.
The word «kravata» (tie) originates from the word «Kroate»...
Il-kelma «kravata» (tie) toriġina mill-kelma «Kroata»...
The world traveler and explorer Marco Polo was born in 1254, most probably on the island of Korčula. Even today, there are people living on the island with the same last name..
Il-vjaġġatur dinji u l-esploratur Marco Polo twieled fl-1254, l-aktar probabbli fil-gżira ta' Korčula. Anke llum, hemm nies li jgħixu fuq il-gżira bl-istess isem..
Island of Vrnik is situated in the archipelago of the Pelješac canal in front of the east coast of Korčula island, widely known for its stone-pit of quality lime-stone (marble) from which Aia Sofia (Istanbul) and the While House (Washington) were partly built as were some palaces-town halls in Dubrovnik, Stockholm, Venice, Vienna.
Il-gżira ta' Vrnik tinsab fl-arċipelagu tal-kanal Pelleješac quddiem il-gżira tal-Lvant ta' Korčula, magħruf sew għall-bini tal-ġebla tal-ġir tal-ġebel (irħam) ta' kwalità li minnha l-Aia Sofia (l-Istanbul) u l-House (Washington) ġew parzjalment mibnija bħala xi swali tal-palazzi f'Dubarovnik, Stokkolma, Venezja, Vjenna.
Visit to the fertile plains of Baranja where the grapes have been cultivated for centuries, is not complete if you do not taste the "golden drops" of Baranja's vineyards.
Żur il-pjanuri fertili ta' Baranja fejn l-għeneb ġie kkultivat għal sekli sħaħ, mhuwiex komplut jekk ma togħmax il-"qtar tad-deheb" tal-vinji ta' Baranja.
According to the old manuscripts, vine was a usual drink at the royal court of Maria Teresa, and the ancient Romans, delighted with its bouquet and with the sun rises and sunsets of that region, called it the "Golden hill"...
Skont il-manuskritti antiki, id-dielja kienet xarba bis-soltu fil-qorti rjali ta' Maria Teresa, u r-Rumani tal-qedem, imwassla bil-bukett tagħha u bil-fdalijiet tax-xemx ta' dak ir-reġjun, imsejħaha l-“għolja tad-deheb”...
There is a Ulysses' cave on the island of Mljet. It was named after a story which says that a famous adventurer stranded on the nearby cliff Ogiron, where he met the nymph Calypso with whom he fell in love, and spent unforgettable moments in her company...
Kien hemm għerien tal-Ulyses fuq il-gżira ta' Mljet, li ġie msemmi wara storja li tgħid li avventuri famużi ntlagħmu fuq l-Ogiron tal-irdum fil-qrib, fejn iltaqa' mal-Kalypso li miegħu waqa' fl-imħabba, u qatta' ma esperjenzat mumenti fil-kumpanija tagħha...
Red-white coat of arms
Iksi aħmar u abjad ta' l-armi
Recognizable all over the world, and related only to Croats - characteristic cube-shaped red-white coat of arms which is believed to originate from the Persian original homeland of Croats (red signifies south and white signifies north).
rikonoxxibbli madwar id-dinja kollha, u relatati biss mal-Kroati - kuntratt abjad b'forma ta' kubu aħmar ta' armamenti li huwa maħsub biex joriġina mid-dar oriġinali Persian tal-Crots (razez ħomor fin-Nofsinhar u bojod).
That is where the name for two Croatias derives from, i.e. White in north and Red in south.
Dan huwa fejn l-isem għal żewġ Kroazja ġej minn, jiġifieri l-White fit-Tramuntana u l-Aħmar fin-Nofsinhar.
When the Croats have selected Ferdinand Habsburg to be their King in Cetine in 1527, they confirmed that choice with some seals, and one of them was Croatian coat of arms, but with 64 fields, i.e. the complete chess-board.
Meta l-Kroazja għażlet lil Ferdinand Hamburg bħala r-Re tagħhom f'Cetein fl-1527, huma kkonfermaw li l-għażla tagħhom ma' xi siġilli, u wieħed minnhom kienet il-kowt Kroat tal-armi, iżda b'64 qasam, jiġifieri l-bord taċ-ċess kollu.
That is where the popular term „šahovnica" derives from, and Šah (chess) in Persian means the Ruler - Tsar.
Dan huwa fejn it-terminu popolari „šahovnica" ġej minn, u Šah (ċess) fil-Persjani jfisser ir-Regolar - Tsar.
Did you know that there is a world rarity in the Archeological museum in Zagreb? Of course, we are talking about the Zagreb mummy.
Kont taf li hemm rarità dinjija fil-mużew Arkeoloġiku f'Zagreb?M'għandniex xi ngħidu, qed nitkellmu dwar il-mmummy ta' Zagreb.
Nesi-hensu, the wife of Aher-hensu, „the divine tailor" from Thebes, is the name of a mummified woman who was wrapped in cut ribbons of Zagreb linen book which represents the longest preserved text in Etruscan language and the only preserved sample of linen book in the entire Ancient world.
Nesi-ensu, il-mara ta' Aher-hensu, „id-drawwa divina" minn Thebes, hija l-isem ta' mara mnaddafa li kienet imgeżwer f'lijiet maqtugħa tal-ktieb tal-għażel ta' Zagreb li jirrappreżenta l-aktar test ippreservat bil-lingwa Etruscan u l-uniku kampjun tal-ktieb tal-għażel fil-dinja antika kollha.
Top seven world getaways
Top seba' vaganzi fid-dinja
The American magazine "In Style" has included Croatia on its list of seven top world destinations ("Top seven world getaways"). The article authors recommend a visit to Croatia for its very rich historical-cultural heritage, natural beauties and clean sea.
Il-ġurnal Amerikan "Fl-istil" kien jinkludi l-Kroazja fil-lista tagħha ta' seba' destinazzjonijiet ewlenin madwar id-dinja ("L-aqwa seba' festi dinjija"). L-awturi tal-artiklu jirrakkomandaw żjara fil-Kroazja għall-wirt storiku għan-natura, għall-beauties naturali u għall-baħar nadif ħafna.
In addition to Croatia, the list of top seven places includes Kenya, South Africa, London, Greek island Santorini and three American destinations - Aspen, Napa Valley and Nantucket.
Minbarra l-Kroazja, il-lista ta' seba' postijiet tinkludi l-Kenja, l-Afrika t'Isfel, Londra, il-Gżira Griega Santorini u tliet destinazzjonijiet Amerikani - Aspen, Napa Valley u Nantucket.
Every day, for over hundred and ten years, the cannon fires from the top of tower Lotrščak exactly at noon in memory of an event from Zagreb history.
Kull jum, għal aktar minn mitt u għaxar snin, il-kanun nirien mill-quċċata tat-torri Lorščak eżattament fil-memorja ta' avveniment mill-istorja ta' Zagreb.
According to the legend, exactly at noon, the Grič canon fired a discharge from Lotrščak to the Turkish camp located across Sava and blew out a rooster (or a turkey) which the cook was taking to Pasha on a platter.
Skont il-leġġenda, eżattament f'nofsinhar, il-kanun ta' Grič f'għamla ta' skarika minn Lotrščak lejn il-kamp Tork li jinsab f'Sava u minfuħa 'l barra minn roster (jew Turkija) li l-kokja kienet qed tieħu lejn Pasha fuq platter.
After this event, the Turks scattered and did not attack Zagreb...
Wara dan l-avveniment, it-Turks imxerrda u ma attakk Zagreb...
Average life span in the wild: 12 years
Medja tal-ħajja span fl-selvaġġ: 12-il sena
Size: 21 in (50 cm)
Daqs: 21 f'(50 ċm)
Weight: 14.4 oz (408 g)
Piż: 14.4 oz (408 g)
Did you know? Chameleons don't change colors to match their surroundings. Each species displays distinct color patterns to indicate specific reactions or emotions.
Ma tafx? Chameleons ma jibdlux kuluri li jaqblu mad-dawra tagħhom. Kull speċi turi mudelli ta' kulur distinti li jindikaw reazzjonijiet jew emozzjonijiet speċifiċi.
The Meller's chameleon is the largest of the chameleons not native to Madagascar. Their stout bodies can grow to be up to two feet (two-thirds of a meter) long and weigh more than a pound (one-half kilogram).
Il-chamelon tal-Meller huwa l-akbar wieħed mill-kappelli li mhuwiex nattivi ta' Madagaskar.Il-korpi tal-istartjar tagħhom jistgħu jikbru biex ikunu sa żewġ pied (żewġ terzi ta' metru) twal u jiżnu aktar minn lira (ta' nofs kilogramma).
Meller's distinguish themselves from their universally bizarre-looking cousins with a single small horn protruding from the front of their snouts. This and their size earn them the common name "giant one-horned chameleon."
Tal-Meller jiddistingwu ruħhom mill-kuġini tagħhom li jħarsu b'mod universali b'qarn żgħir wieħed li jisporġu minn quddiem tal-ġewż tagħhom.Dan u d-daqs tagħhom jaqilgħuhom l-isem komuni "ġganti chamelon qarn wieħed."
They are fairly common in the savanna of East Africa, including Malawi, northern Mozambique, and Tanzania. Almost one-half of the world’s chameleons live on the island of Madagascar.
Huma komuni b'mod ġust fis-savana tal-Afrika tal-Lvant, inklużi l-Malawi, it-Tramuntana tal-Możambik, u t-Tanzanija. Kważi nofs iċ-ċampjins tad-dinja jgħixu fil-gżira ta' Madagaskar.
As with all chameleons, Meller's will change colors in response to stress and to communicate with other chameleons. Their normal appearance is deep green with yellow stripes and random black spots.
Bħal kull cappelli, il-Meller se jibdel il-kuluri b'rispons għall-istress u jikkomunika ma' ċemjonjiet oħra. Id-dehra normali tagħhom hija ħadra profonda b'istrixxi isfar u tikek suwed każwali.
Females are slightly smaller, but are otherwise indistinguishable from males.
Nisa huma kemmxejn iżgħar, iżda huma inkella indistingwibbli mill-irġiel.
They subsist on insects and small birds, using their camouflage and a lightning-fast, catapulting tongue, which can be up to 20 inches (50 centimeters) long, to ambush prey.
Jissuġġerixxi fuq insetti u għasafar żgħar, bl-użu tagħhom camouflage u l-ilsien tħaffif malajr, li jistgħu jkunu sa 20 pulzier (50 ċentimetri) twila, biex issajjar priża.
Exotic pet enthusiasts often attempt to keep Meller's chameleons as pets. However, they are highly susceptible to even the slightest level of stress and are very difficult to care for in captivity. In the wild, they can live as long as 12 years.
Id-dilettanti tal-gost eżotiċi ħafna drabi jippruvaw iżommu l-kappelli tal-Meller bħala annimali domestiċi. Madankollu, huma suxxettibbli ħafna għal anke l-inqas livell ta' stress u huma diffiċli ħafna biex jieħdu ħsieb il-magħluq.Fl-ambjent naturali, jistgħu jgħixu sakemm ikun ta' 12-il sena.
Nuclear Energy in France
Enerġija nukleari fi Franza
Nuclear energy is the cornerstone of french energy policy. In the ‘70s France chose to develop nuclear as its base load electricity source as a response to the oil crisis and assure its energy independence.
Fl-“70s Franza għażlet li tiżviluppa sorsi nukleari ta' elettriku tat-tagħbija bħala rispons għall-kriżi taż-żejt u tiżgura l-indipendenza tal-enerġija tagħha.
Nuclear Electricity Production: France currently counts 58 commercial nuclear reactors in operation responsible for producing 80% of French domestic electricity. As a comparison, the 104 US reactors produces 20% of US electricity.
Produzzjoni ta' elettriku nukleari: Franza bħalissa tammonta għal 58 reatturi nukleari kummerċjali fl-operazzjoni responsabbli għall-produzzjoni ta' 80% tal-elettriku domestiku Franċiż. Bħala paragun, ir-reatturi tal-Istati Uniti 104 jipproduċu 20 % tal-elettriku tal-Istati Uniti.
Despite scarce natural resources, France has reached an energy independence of 50% thanks to its strategic choice for nuclear energy.
Minkejja r-riżorsi naturali skarsi, Franza laħqet indipendenza tal-enerġija ta' 50% grazzi għall-għażla strateġika tagħha għall-enerġija nukleari.
Environment: As well as providing safe and reliable energy, nuclear helps to reduce French greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding the release of 31 billions tones of carbon dioxide (contrary to coal or gas generation) and making France the less carbon emitting country within the OECD.
L-ambjent: Minbarra li jipprovdi enerġija sikura u affidabbli, in-nukleari jgħin biex jitnaqqsu l-emissjonijiet tal-gassijiet serra Franċiżi billi jiġi evitat ir-rilaxx ta' 31 biljun tunnellata ta' diossidu tal-karbonju (kontra l-ġenerazzjoni tal-faħam jew tal-gass) u biex Franza isir il-pajjiż li qed jimporta l-anqas il-karbonju fl-OECD.
As a leader in nuclear energy, France has developed clean technology for radioactive waste disposal.
Bħala mexxej fl-enerġija nukleari, Franza żviluppat teknoloġija nadifa għar-rimi tal-iskart radjuattiv.
Reprocessing currently allows France to recover valuable elements from spent fuels and permit a significant reduction of high level waste and lead to safer and optimized containment, for final radioactive waste disposition.
Attwalment l-ipproċessar mill-ġdid jippermetti lil Franza tirkupra elementi ta' valur minn fjuwils li jintefqu u tippermetti tnaqqis sinifikanti ta' skart ta' livell għoli u twassal għal trażżin aktar sikur u ottimizzat, għad-dispożizzjoni ta' skart radjuattiv finali.
French nuclear power plants produces only 10 g/year/inhabitant of highly radioactive waste.
L-impjanti tal-enerġija nukleari Franċiżi jipproduċu biss 10 g/sena/inabitat ta' skart radjuattiv ħafna.
International Cooperation and research: France is one of the forerunner in nuclear research and participates in numerous international cooperation programs alongside the United States such as the development of the next generation of nuclear power plants (Gen IV) and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) that will be built in Cadarache, South of France.
Kooperazzjoni Internazzjonali u riċerka: Franza hija waħda mill-prekursur fir-riċerka nukleari u tipparteċipa f'diversi programmi ta' kooperazzjoni internazzjonali flimkien mal-Istati Uniti bħall-iżvilupp tal-ġenerazzjoni li jmiss ta' impjanti ta' l-enerġija nukleari (Ġen IV) u r-Reattur Internazzjonali ta' l-Ispiritwali termonukleari (ITER) li se jinbena f'Caraache, fin-Nofsinhar ta' Franza.
The French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Il-Kummissjoni għall-Enerġija Atomika Franċiża (CEA)
The French Atomic Energy Commission is a public body established in October 1945 by General de Gaulle. It constitutes a power of expertise and proposition for the authorities.
Il-Kummissjoni Franċiża dwar l-Enerġija Atomika hija korp pubbliku stabbilit f'Ottubru 1945 minn General de Gaulle. Hija tikkostitwixxi setgħa ta' għarfien espert u ta' promozzjoni għall-awtoritajiet.
A leader in research, development and innovation, the CEA is involved in three main fields:
Mexxej fir-riċerka, l-iżvilupp u l-innovazzjoni, il-QEA hija involuta fi tliet oqsma ewlenin:
It develops and acquires the technological building blocks necessary to the development of the nuclear reactors of the future (Contribution to Generation IV and GNEP research),
Huwa jiżviluppa u jikseb il-blokki tal-bini teknoloġiku meħtieġ għall-iżvilupp tar-reatturi nukleari tal-futur (kontribuzzjoni għall-ġenerazzjoni IV u r-riċerka GNEP),
It contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emission with its research on hydrogen, fuel cells, biomass, energy storage…,
Hija tikkontribwixxi għat-tnaqqis tal-emissjonijiet tal-gassijiet serra mar-riċerka tagħha dwar l-idroġenu, iċ-ċelloli tal-fjuwil, il-bijomassa, il-ħażna tal-enerġija...,
It supports the nuclear utilities in France by optimizing the nuclear power plants of the French nuclear fleet and by optimizing the fuel cycle,
Huwa jappoġġja l-utilitajiet nukleari fi Franza billi jottimizza l-impjanti tal-enerġija nukleari tal-flotta nukleari Franċiża u billi jottimizza ċ-ċiklu tal-fjuwil,
It offers safe and economically viable technical solutions for managing nuclear waste,
Hija toffri soluzzjonijiet tekniċi sikuri u ekonomikament vijabbli għall-immaniġġjar tal-iskart nukleari,
It conducts fundamental research in climate and environmental sciences, high energy physics, astrophysics, fusion, nanosciences…
Hija twettaq riċerka fundamentali fix-xjenzi klimatiċi u ambjentali, il-fiżika tal-enerġija għolja, l-atrofiżika, il-fużjoni, in-nanoxenzi...
Information and Health technologies:
Teknoloġiji ta' l-informazzjoni u tas-saħħa:
It tackles micro and nano-technologies for telecommunication and nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and medical imaging,
Huwa jindirizza teknoloġiji mikro u tan-nano għat-telekomunikazzjoni u l-mediċina nukleari għar-radjoterapija u l-immaġini medika,
It researches programs on biotechnology, molecular labelling, biomolecular engineering and structural biology,
Hija tirriċerka programmi dwar il-bijoteknoloġija, it-tikkettar molekulari, l-inġinerija bijoloġika u l-bijoloġija strutturali,
It shares its knowledge and know-how through education and training through the National Institute for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (INSTN),
Hija taqsam l-għarfien u l-għarfien tagħha permezz tal-edukazzjoni u t-taħriġ permezz tal-Istitut Nazzjonali tax-Xjenzi Nukleari (INTN),
It manages over 300 priority patents and is active in the creation of clusters.
Jamministraw aktar minn 300 patenti ta' prijorità u huwa attiv fil-ħolqien ta' raggruppamenti.
Defense and National Security:
Difiża u Sigurtà Nazzjonali:
It conceives, builds, maintains then dismantles the nuclear warhead of the French deterrence force,
Huwa jfassal, jibni, iżomm imbagħad ineħħi l-gwerra nukleari tal-forza tad-deterrenza Franċiża,
It helps to fight against nuclear, biological and chemical weapons (NRBC program).
Hija tgħin fil-ġlieda kontra l-armi nukleari, bijoloġiċi u kimiċi (programm NRN).
The missions of the CEA are similar to the Department of Energy in the United States. The CEA has a network of counselor or representatives in French Embassies around the world (see joint map).
Il-missjonijiet tal-QEA huma simili għad-Dipartiment tal-Enerġija fl-Istati Uniti. Il-QEA għandha netwerk ta' konsulenti jew rappreżentanti fl-Ambaxxati Franċiżi madwar id-dinja (ara l-mappa konġunta).
The French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN)
L-Awtorità Franċiża dwar is-Sigurtà Nukleari (ASN)
Created in 2006, from the former DSIN (Directorate for the Safety of Nuclear Facilities), the French Nuclear Safety Authority is an independent administrative authority which is tasked with regulating nuclear safety and radiation protection in order to protect workers, patients, the public and the environment from the risks involved in nuclear activities.
Fl-2006, mid-DSN (Direttorat għas-Sikurezza tal-Faċilitajiet Nukleari), l-Awtorità għas-Sigurtà Nukleari Franċiża hija awtorità amministrattiva indipendenti li għandha l-kompitu li tirregola s-sikurezza nukleari u l-protezzjoni mir-riskji involuti f'attivitajiet nukleari.
It also contributes to informing the public. Like the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the United States, it carries out inspections and may pronounce sanctions, up to and including suspension of operation of an installation.
Hija tikkontribwixxi wkoll biex tinforma lill-pubbliku, bħall-Kummissjoni Regolatorja Nukleari fl-Istati Uniti, twettaq spezzjonijiet u tista' tippronunzja sanzjonijiet, sa u tinkludi s-sospensjoni tal-operazzjoni ta' installazzjoni.
French Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN)
L-Istitut Franċiż għar-Radju u s-Sikurezza Nukleari (IRSN)
Created in 2001 by merging the Protection and Nuclear Safety Institute (IPSN) and the Ionizing radiations Protection Office (OPRI), the Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety is a public establishment of an industrial and commercial nature placed under the joint authority of the Ministries of the Environment, Health, Industry, Research and Defense.
L-Istitut għall-Protezzjoni u s-Sigurtà Nukleari (IPSN) u l-Uffiċċju għall-Protezzjoni tar-Radju joniku (OPRI), l-Istitut għar-Radju u s-Sigurtà Nukleari huwa stabbiliment pubbliku ta' natura industrijali u kummerċjali mqiegħda taħt l-awtorità konġunta tal-Ministeri tal-Ambjent, is-Saħħa, l-Industrija, ir-Riċerka u d-Difiża.
It is the expert in safety research and specialized assessments into nuclear and radiological risk serving public authorities whose work is complementary to the ASN.
Huwa l-espert fir-riċerka dwar is-sikurezza u l-valutazzjonijiet speċjalizzati f'awtoritajiet pubbliċi li jaqdu r-riskju nukleari u r-radjoloġiku li x-xogħol tagħhom huwa komplementari għall-ASN.
Its scope of activities includes:
Il-kamp ta' applikazzjoni tal-attivitajiet tiegħu jinkludi:
environment and response, human radiological protection, research on the prevention of major accidents, power reactor safety, fuel cycle facility safety, research installation safety, waste management safety; nuclear defense expertise.
l-ambjent u r-rispons, il-protezzjoni radjuloġika umana, ir-riċerka dwar il-prevenzjoni ta' inċidenti maġġuri, is-sikurezza tal-faċilitajiet taċ-ċiklu tal-fjuwil, is-sikurezza tal-installazzjoni tar-riċerka, is-sikurezza tal-immaniġġjar tal-iskart; għarfien espert dwar id-difiża nukleari.
National radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA)
L-Aġenzija Nazzjonali tal-Ġestjoni tal-Iskart radjuattiva (ANDRA)
Created in 1991, the French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management is a public industrial and commercial organization that operates independently of waste producers.
L-Aġenzija Nazzjonali Franċiża għall-Ġestjoni tal-Iskart radjuattiva hija organizzazzjoni pubblika industrijali u kummerċjali li topera indipendentement mill-produtturi tal-iskart.
It is responsible for the long-term management of radioactive waste produced in France under the supervision of the French Ministries for Energy, Research and the Environment.
Huwa responsabbli għall-ġestjoni fit-tul ta' skart radjuattiv prodott fi Franza taħt is-superviżjoni tal-Ministeri Franċiżi għall-Enerġija, ir-Riċerka u l-Ambjent.
It can be compared to a certain extent to the Office for Nuclear Waste of the Department of Energy in the United States.
Dan jista' jitqabbel sa ċertu punt mal-Uffiċċju għall-Iskart Nukleari tad-Dipartiment tal-Enerġija fl-Istati Uniti.
Andra also pursues industrial, research, and information activities as it designs and implements disposal solutions suited to each category of radioactive waste:
Andra ssegwi wkoll attivitajiet industrijali, ta' riċerka, u ta' informazzjoni billi tfassal u timplimenta soluzzjonijiet ta' rimi adattati għal kull kategorija ta' skart radjuattiv:
the collection, conditioning, disposal of radioactive waste from small producers (hospitals, research centers, industry), specification of waste packages for disposal, disposal in suited sites, monitoring of closed disposal facilities, research programs for long-lived and high level activity waste, especially through the operation of an underground research laboratory in a deep clay formation…
il-ġbir, il-kundizzjonament, ir-rimi ta' skart radjuattiv minn produtturi żgħar (isptarijiet, ċentri ta' riċerka, industrija), l-ispeċifikazzjoni ta' pakketti ta' skart għar-rimi, rimi f'siti adatti, il-monitoraġġ ta' faċilitajiet ta' rimi magħluqa, programmi ta' riċerka għal skart ta' attività ta' livell twil u għoli, speċjalment permezz tat-tħaddim ta' laboratorju ta' riċerka taħt l-art f'formazzjoni ta' tafal fond...
General Directorate for Energy and Climate (DGEC)
Id-Direttorat Ġenerali għall-Enerġija u l-Klima (DĠC)
The General Directorate for Energy and Climate represents the government and is part of the Office of the Department for Ecology and Sustainable Development. It defines the French nuclear policy.
Id-Direttorat Ġenerali għall-Enerġija u l-Klima jirrappreżenta lill-gvern u huwa parti mill-Uffiċċju tad-Dipartiment għall-Ekonomija u l-Iżvilupp Sostenibbli. Huwa jiddefinixxi l-politika nukleari Franċiża.
The DGEC takes care of the energy supply, the security of supply, oil refining and logistics, nuclear industry, and coal and mines.
Id-DĠ jieħu ħsieb il-provvista tal-enerġija, is-sigurtà tal-provvista, ir-raffinar taż-żejt u l-loġistika, l-industrija nukleari, u l-faħam u l-minjieri.
Consequently, its activities include:
Konsegwentement, l-attivitajiet tagħha jinkludu:
the design and implement energy and raw material supply policy, to ensure opening of electricity and gas markets, track key energy and raw material sectors, to oversee enterprises and public institutions in energy sector, to ensure compliance with rules and regulations governing energy sector, to participate in European and international energy projects and working groups, to provide economic, environmental, and fiscal expertise on energy matters.
it-tfassil u l-implimentazzjoni tal-politika dwar il-provvista tal-enerġija u tal-materja prima, biex jiġi żgurat il-ftuħ tas-swieq tal-elettriku u tal-gass, jiġi segwit l-enerġija ewlenija u l-materja prima, biex jiġu żgurati l-intrapriżi u l-istituzzjonijiet pubbliċi fis-settur tal-enerġija, tiġi żgurata l-konformità mar-regoli u r-regolamenti li jirregolaw il-proġetti tal-enerġija u l-gruppi ta' ħidma Ewropej, biex jiġi pprovdut għarfien espert ekonomiku, ambjentali u fiskali dwar kwistjonijiet tal-enerġija.
The Rise of Nuclear Power Generation in France.
Iż-żieda ta' Ġenerazzjoni ta' Enerġija Nukleari fi Franza.
White-throated Magpie-Jays (Calocitta formosa) are beautiful big jays that travel the North Pacific slopes in small flocks. Their songs and calls are quite varied - this is one of the typical calls, recorded on the road to Monteverde (Costa Rica).
Magpie-Jays (Formosa ta' Calocitta) huma festi kbar sbieħ li jivvjaġġaw l-għoljiet tal-Paċifiku tat-Tramuntana f'qatgħat żgħar.Il-kanzunetti u s-sejħiet tagħhom huma pjuttost varjati - dan huwa wieħed mis-sejħiet tipiċi, irreġistrati fit-triq għall-Montenegro (Kosta Rika).
Douglas Von Gausig (recordist; copyright holder), Naturesongs.com
Douglas Von Gausig (rekordist; detentur tad-drittijiet tal-awtur), naturalsongs.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Dan ix-xogħol huwa liċenzjat taħt liċenzja Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported.
Disclaimer: The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe.
Dikjarazzjoni ta' ċaħda ta' responsabbiltà: Il-Web tad-Diversità tal-Annimali huwa riżorsa edukattiva miktuba l-aktar mill-istudenti tal-kulleġġ u l-ADW ma tkoprix l-ispeċijiet kollha fid-dinja, u lanqas ma tinkludi l-aħħar informazzjoni xjentifika kollha dwar l-organiżmi li jiddeskrivu.
Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts.
Għalkemm aħna neditjaw il-kontijiet tagħna għall-eżattezza, ma nistgħux niggarantixxu l-informazzjoni kollha f'dawk il-kontijiet.
While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.
Filwaqt li l-persunal u l-kontributuri tal-ADW jipprovdu referenzi għall-kotba u s-siti web li nemmnu li huma ta' fama tajba, ma nistgħux neċessarjament napprovaw il-kontenut ta' referenzi lil hinn mill-kontroll tagħna.