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Aurrekoa Hurrengoa Laburpena Hurrengoa Laburpena
Session 40 - The Interstellar Medium.
40 - Tarteko Erdia.
Display session, Tuesday, June 09
Ikuskizuna, asteartea, ekainak 09
Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) explosions can make kpc-size shells and holes in the interstellar media (ISM) of spiral galaxies if much of the energy heats the local gas to above 10^7 K. Disk blowout is probably the major cause for energy loss in this case, but the momentum acquired during the pressurized expansion phase can be large enough that the bubble still snowplows to a kpc diameter.
Gamma Ray Burt (GRB) lehertzen denean, tamaina handiko maskorrak eta zuloak egin ditzakete izarrarteko multimedian, galaxia espiralak, baldin eta energia-gasa 10 ^7 K baino gehiagokoa bada. Disko-kolpea, ziurrenik, kasu honetan energia-galeraren kausa nagusia da, baina presiozko hedapen-fasean lortutako bultzada nahikoa izan daiteke.
This differs from the standard model for the origin of such shells by multiple supernovae, which may have problems with radiative cooling, evaporative losses, and disk blow-out. Evidence for giant shells with energies of \sim10^53 ergs are summarized.
Hau hainbat supernobak sortzeko eredu estandarraren ezberdina da, hotz eta lurrun galerarekin arazoak izan ditzaketenak.
Some contain no obvious central star clusters and may be GRB remnants, although sufficiently old clusters would be hard to detect. The expected frequency of GRBs in normal galaxies can account for the number of such shells.
Batzuk ez dute izar kumulu agerikorik, eta GRBren hondarrak izan daitezke, nahiz eta zaila izango den galaxia normaletan dauden GGBek izan dezaketen eskala horien kopurua.
Program listing for Tuesday
Astearterako programa-zerrenda
A land whose rich cultural heritage is discovered not only from within the walls of numerous museums, galleries and churches, many of which today, as zero category monuments are included in a part of the UNESCO World Heritage List, but also in that magical place on the Mediterranean, where even the shortest stroll becomes a journey down a staircase thousands of years old, which takes one through a history that is at the same time turbulent, exciting and glorious.
Ondare kultural aberatsa duen lurraldea, museo, galeria eta eliza ugarien harresietatik ez ezik, gaur egun, kategoria askotako monumentu gisa, UNESCOk Gizateriaren Ondarearen Zerrenda osatzen du, baita Mediterraneoan ere, ibilbiderik laburrena milaka urteko eskailera bihurtzen baita, garai berean nahasia, zirraragarria eta loriatsua dena.
With as many as seven cultural phenomena- The Festivity of Saint Blaise, lace-making in Lepoglava, Hvar and Pag, the bell ringers from the Kastav region, the Hvar Procession Za Križem, (‘following the Cross’), two-part singing in the Istrian scale, in Istria and Hrvatsko Primorje, the spring procession of ‘Ljelje’ and traditional manufacture of wooden toys in the Hrvatsko zagorje region, Croatia is among the countries with the most protected intangible cultural heritage elements, recorded on the UNESCO List.
Zazpi kultur fenomenorekin batera, besteak beste, honako hauek nabarmentzen dira: Saint Blaise, Legolavako, Harvardeko eta Pageko kanpai-egileak, Kastvako eskualdetik, Zarižemeko zaldunak, Uharteko eskalan bi zati abesten dituztenak, Istriako eta Hrvaskoko Primojeko probintzian, ‘Ljejeje’ udaberriko prozesioa eta egurrezko jostailuen fabrikazio tradizionala Hrefektuko eskualdean.
The famous scientist Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), inventor of alternating current.
Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), korronte alternoaren asmatzailea.
Was born in Smiljan, Croatia, died in New York, USA.
Smiljan jaio zen, Kroazian, New Yorken (AEB).
Dog breed Dalmatian originates from these areas? In a small Franciscan monastery in Zaostrog, there is a painting from 1724 which for the first time depicts a Dalmatian dog…
Dog arraza Dalmatian eremu hauetatik jaiotzen da? Zaastroko frantzisko monasterio txiki batean, 1724ko margolan bat dago, lehen aldiz txakur Dalmazia bat irudikatzen duena...
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala
Slavoljub Edu Penkala
In 1906, a Croat Slavoljub Eduard Penkala for the first time applied for a patent for a ballpoint (penkala) and a holder for a fountain pen.
1906an, Kroaziako Slavolujub Eduard Penkala lehen aldiz hegazkin baten (penkala) patente bat eta iturriko boligrafo baten titularra izan zen.
From time immemorial, the tie has been a part of the Croatian national costume, which was preserved by the Croats to the more recent times, who moved to central Europe in the 16th century.
Antzina-antzinatik, lotura kroaziarrez osaturiko multzoa izan da, azkenaldian Kroak Europarantz joan ziren, XVI. mendean.
It was later taken over by the Croatian soldiers who were fighting in Europe, and a part of their uniform was assumed by the French in the 17th century.
Geroago, Europan borrokan ari ziren kroaziarren soldaduak hartu zituzten, eta haien uniformearen zati bat frantsesek hartu zuten XVII. mendean.
Under the leadership of the French „God of Sun" Louis XIV there was a horsemen unit, the so-called Royal cravate, who wore mostly red collar ribbons.
Frantziako "Eguzkiaren jainkoa" Luis XIV.aren agindupean, zalditeria izeneko unitate bat zegoen, batez ere zinta beltzak erabiltzen zituena.
The custom of wearing ribbons from the Croats dates back to this time, which was later expanded around Europe and the world, and today is inevitably the most important detail in men's fashion, and also an original Croatian souvenir.
Garai hartan, Europa eta mundu osoan gero eta gehiago zabaldu zen, eta gaur egun, zalantzarik gabe, gizonezkoen modaren xehetasun garrantzitsuena da, eta, gainera, Kroaziako oroigarri original bat.
The word «kravata» (tie) originates from the word «Kroate»...
«Krakrava» (die) hitza «Kroate» hitztik dator...
The world traveler and explorer Marco Polo was born in 1254, most probably on the island of Korčula. Even today, there are people living on the island with the same last name..
Marco Polo bidaiari eta esploratzailea 1254an jaio zen, Korčula uhartean ziurrenik. Gaur egun, azken izen bereko uhartean bizi diren jendea dago.
Island of Vrnik is situated in the archipelago of the Pelješac canal in front of the east coast of Korčula island, widely known for its stone-pit of quality lime-stone (marble) from which Aia Sofia (Istanbul) and the While House (Washington) were partly built as were some palaces-town halls in Dubrovnik, Stockholm, Venice, Vienna.
Herriko Uhartea Pelješacaneko ekialdeko kostaldean dago, Korčula uhartearen ekialdean, bere harri lima-tonuagatik ezaguna, eta, batez ere, Aia Sofia (Istanbul) eta "Washington" (Washington) jauregi batzuk eraiki ziren Dubrovniken, Stockholmen, Venezian, Vienan.
Visit to the fertile plains of Baranja where the grapes have been cultivated for centuries, is not complete if you do not taste the "golden drops" of Baranja's vineyards.
Barnajako lautada emankorren bisita, non mahatsak mendeetan zehar landatzen diren ikusteko, ez da betetzen Barnaja mahastien "urrezko tantaak" dastatu ez badituzu.
According to the old manuscripts, vine was a usual drink at the royal court of Maria Teresa, and the ancient Romans, delighted with its bouquet and with the sun rises and sunsets of that region, called it the "Golden hill"...
Antzinako eskuizkribuen arabera, mahastiak ohiko edari bat izan zen Maria Teresako errege-erreginen gortean, eta erromatarrek, bere sortarekin eta eskualde horretako eguzki-erlojuekin pozik zeudenean, "Golden muinoa" deitzen zioten...
There is a Ulysses' cave on the island of Mljet. It was named after a story which says that a famous adventurer stranded on the nearby cliff Ogiron, where he met the nymph Calypso with whom he fell in love, and spent unforgettable moments in her company...
Uliseseko haitzuloa Mljte uhartean dago. Istorio baten izena da, inguruko itsaslabarraren ondoan dagoen Kaspiro narra dagoela esaten duena, eta bertan ezagutu zuen bere maiteminduan erori zen Clypso nanarekin, eta une ahaztezinak igaro zituen konpainian.
Red-white coat of arms
armarria zuri-gorria
Recognizable all over the world, and related only to Croats - characteristic cube-shaped red-white coat of arms which is believed to originate from the Persian original homeland of Croats (red signifies south and white signifies north).
Mundu osoan ezaguna, eta bakarrik Croatsekin zerikusia du: kubo itxurako beso zuri-beltzeko armarria du, persiera batetik jatorria duena (hegoalde gorria eta iparraldean zuria).
That is where the name for two Croatias derives from, i.e. White in north and Red in south.
Hemen sortzen da bi Kroaziako izena, hau da, Iparraldean zuria eta Hegoaldean Gorria.
When the Croats have selected Ferdinand Habsburg to be their King in Cetine in 1527, they confirmed that choice with some seals, and one of them was Croatian coat of arms, but with 64 fields, i.e. the complete chess-board.
1527an Fernando Habsburgokoa hautatu zutenean, K.a. 1527an, ziurtatu zuten kaxa batzuk aukeratzea, eta haietako bat Kroaziakoa izan zela, 64 eremurekin, hau da, xake-taula osoa.
That is where the popular term „šahovnica" derives from, and Šah (chess) in Persian means the Ruler - Tsar.
Hor sartzen da „�hovnica’ popular, eta Šah (esk) Persian Rule - Tsar-a esan nahi du.
Did you know that there is a world rarity in the Archeological museum in Zagreb? Of course, we are talking about the Zagreb mummy.
Ba al zenekien Zagreb-eko Arkeologia Museoan mundu-mailan dagoela? Jakina, Zagrebeko momiaz ari garela hitz egiten.
Nesi-hensu, the wife of Aher-hensu, „the divine tailor" from Thebes, is the name of a mummified woman who was wrapped in cut ribbons of Zagreb linen book which represents the longest preserved text in Etruscan language and the only preserved sample of linen book in the entire Ancient world.
Nesi-hensu, Aher-henus-en emaztea, „tidoen egokitzapena’, ‘K Zagrebeko lihozko koadernoetan bilduta zegoen emakume nahasi baten izena da, utruskan hizkuntza osoan kontserbatutako testurik luzeena adierazten duena eta antzinako mundu osoan kontserbatutako lihoaren lagin bakarra dena.
Top seven world getaways
Zazpi mundu-mailako ihesak
The American magazine "In Style" has included Croatia on its list of seven top world destinations ("Top seven world getaways"). The article authors recommend a visit to Croatia for its very rich historical-cultural heritage, natural beauties and clean sea.
« Estilo amerikarreko aldizkariak Kroaziari munduko zazpi helmuga onenen zerrendan sartu dio (“Top 7 mundu leiarrak”). Artikuluek Kroaziara hurbiltzea gomendatzen dute, ondare historiko aberatsagatik, edertasunagatik eta itsaso garbiagatik.
In addition to Croatia, the list of top seven places includes Kenya, South Africa, London, Greek island Santorini and three American destinations - Aspen, Napa Valley and Nantucket.
Kroaziaz gain, zazpi leku nagusien zerrendan Kenya, Hego Afrika, Londres, Greziako Uhartea eta AEBko hiru helmuga daude: Aspen, Napa Valley eta Nutkett.
Every day, for over hundred and ten years, the cannon fires from the top of tower Lotrščak exactly at noon in memory of an event from Zagreb history.
Egunero, ehun eta hamar urte baino gehiago daramatzagu Lortščak dorreko su-etenak, Z Zagrebeko historiako gertaera baten oroimenean.
According to the legend, exactly at noon, the Grič canon fired a discharge from Lotrščak to the Turkish camp located across Sava and blew out a rooster (or a turkey) which the cook was taking to Pasha on a platter.
Kondairak dioenez, eguerdian, Gričko kanoiak Lotrščaktik kosta kostarazi zuen uharte batetik bestera, eta oilarra (edo indioilarra) bota zuen.
After this event, the Turks scattered and did not attack Zagreb...
Gertaera honen ondoren, turkiarrek sakabanaturik eta Zagrebera ez zuten erasotzen...
Average life span in the wild: 12 years
Batez besteko bizi-eremua basatian: 12 urte
Size: 21 in (50 cm)
Tamaina: 21 in (50 cm)
Weight: 14.4 oz (408 g)
Pisua: 14,4 oz (408 g)
Did you know? Chameleons don't change colors to match their surroundings. Each species displays distinct color patterns to indicate specific reactions or emotions.
Bazenekien? Kamaleoiak ez dira koloreak aldatzen, eta espezie bakoitzak kolore-eredu desberdinak erakusten ditu erreakzio edo emozio zehatzak adierazteko.
The Meller's chameleon is the largest of the chameleons not native to Madagascar. Their stout bodies can grow to be up to two feet (two-thirds of a meter) long and weigh more than a pound (one-half kilogram).
Melerren ganbera, Madagaskarrena ez dena, bere menpeko gorputzak bi oin haz daitezke (metro bateko bi heren) luzeera eta kiloka (erdiko kilogramoa) baino gehiago pisatzen dutenak.
Meller's distinguish themselves from their universally bizarre-looking cousins with a single small horn protruding from the front of their snouts. This and their size earn them the common name "giant one-horned chameleon."
Mellerren berezitasunetako bat da, bere lehengusu ohiengandik, adar txiki batekin, haien distirak eta haien tamainak "hamara" izen arrunta irabazten dute.
They are fairly common in the savanna of East Africa, including Malawi, northern Mozambique, and Tanzania. Almost one-half of the world’s chameleons live on the island of Madagascar.
Ekialde Afrikako sabanarrean oso ohikoak dira, besteak beste, Malawian, Mozambiken eta Tanzanian.
As with all chameleons, Meller's will change colors in response to stress and to communicate with other chameleons. Their normal appearance is deep green with yellow stripes and random black spots.
Kamaleoi guztiekin gertatzen den bezala, Meller-en koloreak aldatu egingo dira estresari erantzuteko eta beste kameleoi batzuekin komunikatzeko.
Females are slightly smaller, but are otherwise indistinguishable from males.
Emakumezkoenak apur bat txikiagoak dira, baina beste modu batera idealizagarriak dira gizonezkoenak.
They subsist on insects and small birds, using their camouflage and a lightning-fast, catapulting tongue, which can be up to 20 inches (50 centimeters) long, to ambush prey.
Intsektuetan eta hegazti txikietan oinarritzen dira, haien kamuflajea eta tximista-azkarra erabiliz, eta 20 hazbete-ko luzera izan dezakete, harrapariak ugaritzeko.
Exotic pet enthusiasts often attempt to keep Meller's chameleons as pets. However, they are highly susceptible to even the slightest level of stress and are very difficult to care for in captivity. In the wild, they can live as long as 12 years.
Animaliak exotikoak, sarritan, Meller-en kaperak maskotak bezala mantentzen saiatzen dira.Hala ere, estres maila txikienak ere oso asegarriak dira eta oso zaila da haien bizitasuna zaintzeko. basatian, 12 urte iraun dezakete.
Nuclear Energy in France
Energia nuklearra Frantzian
Nuclear energy is the cornerstone of french energy policy. In the ‘70s France chose to develop nuclear as its base load electricity source as a response to the oil crisis and assure its energy independence.
Energia nuklearra Frantziako energia-politikaren ardatz da.70eko hamarkadan, energia nuklearraren karga-iturri gisa garatzea aukeratu zen petrolioaren krisiaren erantzun gisa, eta energia-bereizkeria bermatzen zuen.
Nuclear Electricity Production: France currently counts 58 commercial nuclear reactors in operation responsible for producing 80% of French domestic electricity. As a comparison, the 104 US reactors produces 20% of US electricity.
Ekoizpen nuklearra: gaur egun, Frantziak 58 energia nuklear biltzen ditu, etxeko elektrizitatearen % 80 ekoitziz arduratzen direnak.
Despite scarce natural resources, France has reached an energy independence of 50% thanks to its strategic choice for nuclear energy.
Baliabide natural urriak izan arren, Frantziak energia aldetik % 50eko independentzia energetikoa lortu du, energia nuklearraren aldeko aukera estrategikoari esker.
Environment: As well as providing safe and reliable energy, nuclear helps to reduce French greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding the release of 31 billions tones of carbon dioxide (contrary to coal or gas generation) and making France the less carbon emitting country within the OECD.
Ingurumena: energia segurua eta fidagarria eskaintzeaz gain, berotegi-efektuko gasen emisioak murrizten laguntzen du, karbono dioxidoaren (karbonoaren edo gasaren kontrako) 31 mila milioi tona askatuz eta Frantziako karbono emisio gutxiago gaindituz ELGEren barruan.
As a leader in nuclear energy, France has developed clean technology for radioactive waste disposal.
Energia nuklearrean lider gisa, Frantziak hondakin erradioaktiboak ezabatzeko teknologia garbia garatu du.
Reprocessing currently allows France to recover valuable elements from spent fuels and permit a significant reduction of high level waste and lead to safer and optimized containment, for final radioactive waste disposition.
Gaur egun, birziklapenak balio handiko elementuak berreskuratzea ahalbidetzen du, bai eta hondakinen murrizketa handia egitea ere, hondakin erradioaktiboak behin eta berriz desagerrarazteko.
French nuclear power plants produces only 10 g/year/inhabitant of highly radioactive waste.
Frantziako zentral nuklearrek 10 g/urte baino ez dituzte ekoizten oso hondakin erradioaktiboak.
International Cooperation and research: France is one of the forerunner in nuclear research and participates in numerous international cooperation programs alongside the United States such as the development of the next generation of nuclear power plants (Gen IV) and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) that will be built in Cadarache, South of France.
Nazioarteko lankidetza eta ikerketa: Frantzia aitzindaria da ikerketa nuklearrean eta nazioarteko lankidetza-programetan parte hartzen du Estatu Batuekin, hala nola, hurrengo zentral nuklearren (Gen IV) eta Nazioarteko Erreaktore termonuklemikoaren (ITER) garapenean, Cadarren hegoaldean, eraikiko dena.
The French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Frantziako Energia Atomikoen Batzordea (CEA)
The French Atomic Energy Commission is a public body established in October 1945 by General de Gaulle. It constitutes a power of expertise and proposition for the authorities.
Frantziako Energia Atomikoen Batzordea 1945eko urrian sortutako erakunde publikoa da, eta agintarientzako ezagutza eta proposamen boterea du.
A leader in research, development and innovation, the CEA is involved in three main fields:
Ikerketa, garapen eta berrikuntzaren arloko liderra, CEA hiru arlo nagusitan dago inplikatuta:
It develops and acquires the technological building blocks necessary to the development of the nuclear reactors of the future (Contribution to Generation IV and GNEP research),
Etorkizuneko erreaktore nuklearren garapenerako beharrezkoak diren eraikuntza-bloke teknologikoak garatu eta eskuratzen ditu (IV belaunaldiari eta GEPri eginiko ekarpena),
It contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emission with its research on hydrogen, fuel cells, biomass, energy storage…,
Berotegi-efektuko gasen emisioak murrizten laguntzen du, hidrogenoaren, erregai-pilen, biomasaren, energia-metaketaren...
It supports the nuclear utilities in France by optimizing the nuclear power plants of the French nuclear fleet and by optimizing the fuel cycle,
Frantziako utilitate nuklearrak onartzen ditu, Frantziako flota nuklearren zentral nuklearra optimizatuz eta erregaiaren zikloa optimizatuz,
It offers safe and economically viable technical solutions for managing nuclear waste,
Irtenbide tekniko seguruak eta ekonomikoki bideragarriak eskaintzen ditu hondakin nuklearrak kudeatzeko,
It conducts fundamental research in climate and environmental sciences, high energy physics, astrophysics, fusion, nanosciences…
Funtsezko ikerketak egiten ditu zientzian eta ingurumenean, energia-fisikan, astronomian, fusioan, nanozientzian...
Information and Health technologies:
Informazioaren eta osasunaren teknologiak:
It tackles micro and nano-technologies for telecommunication and nuclear medicine for radiotherapy and medical imaging,
Mikro eta nanoteknologiak lantzen ditu irrati-terapiarako eta irudi medikoetarako,
It researches programs on biotechnology, molecular labelling, biomolecular engineering and structural biology,
Bioteknologiari, etiketa molekularrari, ingeniaritza biomolekularrari eta biologia estrukturalari buruzko ikerketa-programak egiten ditu,
It shares its knowledge and know-how through education and training through the National Institute for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (INSTN),
Bere ezagutza eta know-how-a partekatzen ditu Zientzia eta Teknologia Nuklearrerako Institutu Nazionalaren (INSN) bitartez.
It manages over 300 priority patents and is active in the creation of clusters.
300 patente baino gehiago kudeatzen ditu, eta klusterrak sortzeko jardunean dago.
Defense and National Security:
Defentsa eta Segurtasun Nazionala:
It conceives, builds, maintains then dismantles the nuclear warhead of the French deterrence force,
Gero, Frantziako indar armatuaren biltegi nuklearra desegin egiten du, eraikitzen du, eta gero, Frantziako indarren biltegi nuklearra,
It helps to fight against nuclear, biological and chemical weapons (NRBC program).
Arma nuklearren, biologikoen eta kimikoen aurka borrokatzen laguntzen du (NBRC programa).
The missions of the CEA are similar to the Department of Energy in the United States. The CEA has a network of counselor or representatives in French Embassies around the world (see joint map).
CEAren eginkizuna Energia Katedraren antzekoa da Estatu Batuetan.CEAk aholkulari edo ordezkari sare bat du mundu osoko Enbaxadetan (ikus mapa bateratua).
The French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN)
Frantziako Segurtasun Nuklearreko Agintaritza (ASN)
Created in 2006, from the former DSIN (Directorate for the Safety of Nuclear Facilities), the French Nuclear Safety Authority is an independent administrative authority which is tasked with regulating nuclear safety and radiation protection in order to protect workers, patients, the public and the environment from the risks involved in nuclear activities.
Segurtasun Nuklearreko Agintaritza Nazionala 2006an sortu zen DIN (Fakultate Nuklearreko Segurtasun Nuklearreko Zuzendaritza) erakunde administratibo independentea da, eta segurtasuna eta erradiazio babesa ditu langileak, gaixoak, publikoak eta ingurumena babesteko jarduera nuklearretan parte hartzen duten arriskuak babesteko.
It also contributes to informing the public. Like the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the United States, it carries out inspections and may pronounce sanctions, up to and including suspension of operation of an installation.
Era berean, informazioa ematen laguntzen du. Estatu Batuetan Arau Erregulatzaile Nuklearren Batzordea bezala, ikuskapenak egiten ditu eta zigorrak jar ditzake, instalazio baten funtzionamendua etetea barne.
French Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN)
Erradiologia Babeseko eta Segurtasun Nuklearreko Institutu Nazionala (IRNS)
Created in 2001 by merging the Protection and Nuclear Safety Institute (IPSN) and the Ionizing radiations Protection Office (OPRI), the Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety is a public establishment of an industrial and commercial nature placed under the joint authority of the Ministries of the Environment, Health, Industry, Research and Defense.
2001ean sortua, Babes eta Segurtasun Nuklearreko Institutua (IPS) eta Erradiologia Babes Nuklearreko Bulegoa (OPI), Erradiologia Babeseko eta Segurtasun Nuklearreko Zentroa (OPI) osatzen dute, eta izaera industrial eta komertzialeko establezimendu bat da, Ingurumen, Industria, Ikerketa eta Defentsa Ministerioen mendeko erakunde komuna izanik.
It is the expert in safety research and specialized assessments into nuclear and radiological risk serving public authorities whose work is complementary to the ASN.
Segurtasun ikerketan aditua da, eta arrisku nuklearreko agintariei zuzendutako ebaluazio espezializatuak egiten ditu, ASNren osagarri.
Its scope of activities includes:
Bere jarduera-esparruak honako hauek hartzen ditu barne:
environment and response, human radiological protection, research on the prevention of major accidents, power reactor safety, fuel cycle facility safety, research installation safety, waste management safety; nuclear defense expertise.
ingurumena eta erantzuna, giza erradiologia-babesa, istripu handien prebentzioa, potentzia-berreskurapena, instalazio-segurtasuna, instalazio-segurtasuna, hondakinen kudeaketa-segurtasuna, defentsa nuklearra.
National radioactive Waste Management Agency (ANDRA)
Hondakinen Kudeaketarako Agentzia Nazionala (ANDAR)
Created in 1991, the French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management is a public industrial and commercial organization that operates independently of waste producers.
1991n sortu zen, Hondakinen Kudeaketarako Frantziako Agentzia, eta industria- eta merkataritza-erakunde publikoa da, hondakin-ekoizleek modu independentean jarduten baitute.
It is responsible for the long-term management of radioactive waste produced in France under the supervision of the French Ministries for Energy, Research and the Environment.
Frantziako Energia, Ikerketa eta Ingurumen Ministerioak epe luzerako hondakin erradiaktiboen kudeaketaz arduratzen da.
It can be compared to a certain extent to the Office for Nuclear Waste of the Department of Energy in the United States.
Neurri batean, Estatu Batuetako Energia Sailaren Hondakin Nuklearreko Bulegora jo daiteke.
Andra also pursues industrial, research, and information activities as it designs and implements disposal solutions suited to each category of radioactive waste:
Era berean, industria-, ikerketa- eta informazio-jarduerak sustatzen ditu, hondakin erradioaktiboen kategoria bakoitzera egokitutako irtenbideak diseinatu eta ezartzen baititu:
the collection, conditioning, disposal of radioactive waste from small producers (hospitals, research centers, industry), specification of waste packages for disposal, disposal in suited sites, monitoring of closed disposal facilities, research programs for long-lived and high level activity waste, especially through the operation of an underground research laboratory in a deep clay formation…
Produkzio txikiko (ospitaleak, ikerketa zentroak, industria) hondakin erradiaktiboen bilketa, erabilera-zehaztapena, instalazio itxien monitorizazioa, iraupen luzeko eta goi-mailako jarduerako hondakinen ikerketa-programak, batez ere lur azpian dagoen ikerketa-laborategi baten bidez, buztin sakonean...
General Directorate for Energy and Climate (DGEC)
Energia eta Klima Zuzendaritza Nagusia (DGEC)
The General Directorate for Energy and Climate represents the government and is part of the Office of the Department for Ecology and Sustainable Development. It defines the French nuclear policy.
Energia eta Klima Zuzendaritza Nagusiak Gobernua ordezkatzen du eta Ekologia eta Garapen Jasangarrirako Sailaren parte da, Frantziako politika nuklearra definitzen du.
The DGEC takes care of the energy supply, the security of supply, oil refining and logistics, nuclear industry, and coal and mines.
DGEC-ek energia-hornidura, hornikuntza-segurtasuna, petrolioa eta logistika, industria nuklearra eta ikatza eta meategiak zaintzen ditu.
Consequently, its activities include:
Ondorioz, bere jarduerak honako hauek dira:
the design and implement energy and raw material supply policy, to ensure opening of electricity and gas markets, track key energy and raw material sectors, to oversee enterprises and public institutions in energy sector, to ensure compliance with rules and regulations governing energy sector, to participate in European and international energy projects and working groups, to provide economic, environmental, and fiscal expertise on energy matters.
Energia eta hornidura-politika diseinatzea eta ezartzea, elektrizitatea eta gasaren merkatuak, energiaren sektoreko enpresa eta erakunde publikoak gainbegiratzen direla bermatzeko, energia-sektoreko arauak eta arauak betetzen direla bermatzeko, Europako eta nazioarteko energia-proiektuetan eta lantaldeetan parte hartzeko, energia-arloan ekonomia-, ingurumen- eta zerga-arloko esperientzia eskaintzeko.
The Rise of Nuclear Power Generation in France.
Frantzian energia nuklearraren sorreraren igoera.
White-throated Magpie-Jays (Calocitta formosa) are beautiful big jays that travel the North Pacific slopes in small flocks. Their songs and calls are quite varied - this is one of the typical calls, recorded on the road to Monteverde (Costa Rica).
White-throated Magpie-Jays (Calocitta formosa) muino txikienetan Ipar Ozeano Bareko magaletan zehar bidaiatzen duten opari ederrak dira, haien abestiak eta deiak oso anitzak dira - hau da, Monteverde-erako bidean grabatua (Costa Rica).
Douglas Von Gausig (recordist; copyright holder), Naturesongs.com
Douglas Von Gausi (kokrista; egile-eskubideen titularra), Naturesongs.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License.
Lan hau Creative Commons Aitortu-EzKomertziala-PartekatuBerdin 3.0 Unported Baimen baten mende dago.
Disclaimer: The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe.
Ezespena: Animalien Aniztasunaren Weba, hein handi batean, unibertsitateko ikasleentzat idatzitako hezkuntza-baliabidea da. ADW ez da espezie guztiak munduan sartzen, ezta deskribatzen ditugun organismoei buruzko azken informazio zientifiko guztia ere.
Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts.
Gure kontuak zehaztasunez editatzen baditugu ere, ezin dugu kontu horietako informazio guztia bermatu.
While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.
ADWeko langileek eta laguntzaileek uste dugun arren, ezin dugu gure kontroletik kanpo dauden erreferentziarik bermatu.