References
Cosaanu gëstu bi
Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.[1][10] People with latent TB do not spread the disease.[1] Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.[1] Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids.[11] Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests.[11]
Nit ñi gëna mëna wàlle feebar bi mooy ñi am VIH/SIDA ak tóxkat yi. Ngir saytu jàngoro ju tar ji ci yaram nit, dañuy rajo dënn bi, dañuy jël itam ndox mu bawoo ci moom ñu xool ko ci microscope wala ñu amal ci njàngat mu xóot. Sudee tuberkuloos biy nelaw nak, ci deru nit ki wala ci deretam.
Hepatitis B Electron micrograph of hepatitis B virus Specialty Infectious disease, gastroenterology Symptoms None, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine, abdominal pain[1] Complications Cirrhosis, liver cancer[2] Usual onset Symptoms may take up to 6 months to appear[1] Duration Short or long term[3] Causes Hepatitis B virus spread by some body fluids[1] Risk factors Intravenous drug use, sexual intercourse, dialysis, living with an infected person[1][4] Diagnostic method Blood tests[1] Prevention Hepatitis B vaccine[1] Treatment Antiviral medication (tenofovir, interferon), liver transplantation[1] Frequency 356 million (2015)[3] Deaths 65,400 direct (2015), >750,000 (total)[1][5]
At mu nekk hepatite B bi dina ray lu ëpp 750 000 doomi aadama.[1] Ci limuy ray amna ci 300 000 nit yumu yàq seen res ñu dee. Feebar baa ngi gëna baree ci Asie gu Penku ak ci Afrique gi si suufu Sahara, ñi fa am feebar hepatite B bu tar bi yegg na 5 ba 10% ci mag ñi. Sudee ci Europe ak Amerik du Nord, seen taux yeggul 1%.[1] Bu njëkk ñu ngi xamee woon ci "serum hepatitis".[9] Ñu jéema fexe nuñu defaree ñam yuy amaale ñaqu VHB.[10] Feebar bi mën na dal golo yu mag yi itam.[11]
Hepatitis A vaccine Vaccine description Target disease Hepatitis A Type Attenuated, inactivated Clinical data Trade names Biovac A, Havrix, Vaqta, others AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a695003 Pregnancy category AU: B2 US: C (Risk not ruled out) Safety undetermined, risk likely low Routes of administration Intramuscular ATC code J07BC02 (WHO) Legal status Legal status US: ℞-only Identifiers ChemSpider none NY (what is this?) (verify)
Ñaqi hepatite A yu bari dañuy am wirisu buñ tënk, waaye yenn ci ñoom wiris buñu wàññi dooleem lay am. Bi am wiris biñu wàññi dooleem baaxul ci jigéen ju ëmb wala ñi seen yaram gaawa jël feebar. Amna ñaq yu néew yuy jël hepatite A boole ko ak hepatitis B wala ñaqu typhoid.[1] Ñu ngi njëkka nangoo ñaqu hepatitis A ci Europe ci atum 1991 ak ci Etats Unis ci atum 1995.[4] Ci limu garab yu am solo yi waa OMS def, mooy ñaq bi gëna am solo bu yaramu nit ki soxla.[5] Soo demee Etats Unis mingi fay jar diggante 50 ba 100 dolaar (USD).[6]
In 2015, meningitis occurred in about 8.7 million people worldwide.[9] This resulted in 379,000 deaths—down from 464,000 deaths in 1990.[10][11] With appropriate treatment the risk of death in bacterial meningitis is less than 15%.[4] Outbreaks of bacterial meningitis occur between December and June each year in an area of sub-Saharan Africa known as the meningitis belt.[12] Smaller outbreaks may also occur in other areas of the world.[12] The word meningitis comes from the Greek μῆνιγξ meninx, "membrane", and the medical suffix -itis, "inflammation".[13][14]
Feebar bi faatna 379 000 nit ci àdduna bi, wuute ak limu 464 000 yi mu faat ci atum 1990. Su nit ñi jëlee garab yi war ci meningitu bakteri bi, du mëna faat lu yegg 15%. At mu nekk dina am feebaru meningite bu bakteri ci diggante weeru decembre ak juin ci biir Afrique suufu Sahara, ñu gën ko xame ci turu ceinture de meningite.
Meningococcal vaccine Vaccine description Target disease Neisseria meningitidis Type Conjugate or polysaccharide Clinical data Trade names Menactra, Menveo, Menomune, Others AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a607020 License data EU EMA: by Meningococcal group B Pregnancy category AU: B2 US: C (Risk not ruled out) Routes of administration Intramuscular (conjugate), Subcutaneous (polysaccharide) ATC code J07AH01 (WHO) J07AH02 (WHO) J07AH03 (WHO) J07AH04 (WHO) J07AH05 (WHO) J07AH06 (WHO) J07AH07 (WHO) J07AH08 (WHO) J07AH09 (WHO) Legal status Legal status US: ℞-only Identifiers ChemSpider none NY (what is this?) (verify)
Ñaqu meningite (Meningococcal), daanaka ñaq bu wóor la. Ci ñénn ñi, barab bi ñu leen ñaq mën na xonk wala mu metti tuuti.[1] Jiggéen ju ëmb mën na ko jëfandikoo.[2] Néew la lool lumuy indi nit ki ay jafe-jafe, matul benn ci 1milioŋi ñaq.[1] Ci atum 1970 lañu njëkka génne ñaqu meningite.[3] Ci limu garab yu am solo yi waa OMS def, mooy ñaq bi gëna am solo bu yaramu nit ki soxla.[4] Ñu ngi jaaye ñaq bi 3,23 ak 10,77 USD dose bu nekk (en gros) li dalee atum 2014.[5] Ci États-Unis, ñu ngi koy jaaye ci diggante 100 ak 200 USD.[6] Meningococcal vaccine Vaccine description Target disease Neisseria meningitidis Type Conjugate or polysaccharide Clinical data Trade names Menactra, Menveo, Menomune, Others AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a607020 License data EU EMA: by Meningococcal group B Pregnancy category AU: B2 US: C (Risk not ruled out) Routes of administration Intramuscular (conjugate), Subcutaneous (polysaccharide) ATC code J07AH01 (WHO) J07AH02 (WHO) J07AH03 (WHO) J07AH04 (WHO) J07AH05 (WHO) J07AH06 (WHO) J07AH07 (WHO) J07AH08 (WHO) J07AH09 (WHO) Legal status Legal status US: ℞-only Identifiers ChemSpider none NY (what is this?) (verify)
BCG vaccine Microscopic image of the Calmette-Guérin bacillus, Ziehl–Neelsen stain, magnification:1,000nn Vaccine description Target disease Tuberculosis Type Live bacteria Clinical data AHFS/Drugs.com FDA Professional Drug Information Pregnancy category US: C (Risk not ruled out) Routes of administration Percutaneous ATC code J07AN01 (WHO) Legal status Legal status US: ℞-only Identifiers DrugBank DB12768 ChemSpider none
Ñaqu BCG mën nala aaraale itam ci feebar yu melni ulseeru Buruli ak yenn feebari bacteri yu bokkul ak tuberkuloos. Rax ci dolli dina ñu koy faral di jëfandikoo ngir faj kanseeru naq.[1] Yàggaayu kaaraange ñaq bi barina te wuute, waaye mën na yegg ba 20 at.[1] Ci xale yi ñu ñaq, dina am 20% ci ñoom ñu dul am feebar bi, ñeneen ñi des itam suñu amee feebar bi itam, du leen mënal dara.[3] Ñaq bi ci suufu deru yaram wi lañu la koy defal.[1] Ama guñu firnde ci ndax dañu koy baamtu am déet.[4] Daanaka ñaq bi amul benn loraange. Yenn saay fiñu la ko jam xonk wala mu newwi, wala nga yëg tuuti metit.
Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the measles virus.[3][10] Symptoms usually develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7–10 days.[7][8] Initial symptoms typically include fever, often greater than 40 °C (104 °F), cough, runny nose, and inflamed eyes.[3][4] Small white spots known as Koplik's spots may form inside the mouth two or three days after the start of symptoms.[4] A red, flat rash which usually starts on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body typically begins three to five days after the start of symptoms.[4] Common complications include diarrhea (in 8% of cases), middle ear infection (7%), and pneumonia (6%).[6] These occur in part due to measles-induced immunosuppression.[6] Less commonly seizures, blindness, or inflammation of the brain may occur.[5][7] Other names include morbilli, rubeola, red measles, and English measles.[1][2] Both rubella, also known as "German measles", and roseola are different diseases caused by unrelated viruses.[11]
Ŋas (rougeole), feebar la bu gaawa wàlle, te li koy joxe mooy doomu jàngoroy ŋas.[1] Sula nit wàllee feebar bi, dinga toog 10 jàpp 12 fan laata muy feeñ ci sa yaram.[2] Màndarga yi muy gëna faral di njëkka wane sula dalee mooy yaram wu tàng lool ba weesu 40 °C (104.0 °F), sëqët, bakkan bu sotti, ak bët yu xonk.[3] Su tàmbalee feeñ ba def ñaari fan jàpp ñatt dafay def ay tupp yu weex ci gémmiñu ki feebar, ñu leen di woowe tuppi Koplik.[4] Su amee ci yaw ñatt jàpp juróomi fan, sa deru yaram tàmbali di am ay tërgën wala picc yu xonk, muy faral di tàmbalee ci sa kanam, yegg ba ci sa yaram wi yépp.[5] Jafe-jafe yi muy gëna faral di indil nit ki mooy, biir buy daw (8% ci ñi am feebar bi), (7%) ak pneumonia (6%).[6] Li faral di waral mbir yooyu mooy matuwaayi moytu feebaru ŋas bu jeex.[7] Néew na lu muy sayloo nit, wala mu koy gumbaal wala muy indil yuuram ay jafe-jafe.[8] Rubeole "Rougeole bu Almaañ" ak roseole ñaari feebar yu wuute la, te yeneen wiris yu bokkul bu ŋas moo leen di joxe.[9]
The vaccine is available both by itself and in combinations such as the MMR vaccine (a combination with the rubella vaccine and mumps vaccine)[1] or the MMRV vaccine (a combination of MMR with the chickenpox vaccine).[2] The measles vaccine is equally effective for preventing measles in all formulations, but side effects vary depending with the combination.[1][3] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends measles vaccine be given at nine months of age in areas of the world where the disease is common, or at twelve months where the disease is not common.[1] Measles vaccine is based on a live but weakened strain of measles.[1] It comes as a dried powder which is mixed with a specific liquid before being injected either just under the skin or into a muscle.[1] Verification that the vaccine was effective can be determined by blood tests.[1]
Ñaq bi amna mooy kese, waaye itam dina ñu koy boole ak yeneen ñaq yu ci melni ñaqu ROR, (muy boole ñaqu rubeole ak anti-ourlien) wala ñaqu RROV (maanaam ñu boole ñaqu RRO ak ñaq biy aare ci varicelle). Ñaq bii aare ci rougeole dafay musalaate ci feebar itam ndeem dañu ko boole ak yeneen ñaq, te effets secondaires yi dañuy wuute, lépp di aju ci xeetu ñaq bi ñu ko booleel. Waa OMS ñoo digal ñu ñaq xale bi su amee juróom ñeenti weer te nekk ci barab bu feebar bi bari.
Whooping cough Other names Pertussis, 100-day cough A young boy coughing due to pertussis.
Sëqët mën na dem ba 100 fan, wala ba 10 ayi-bis.[3] Nit ki mën na sëqët ba waccu, wala mu dam faaram, wala mu dem sax ba dootul amati benn njariñ.[2][4] Su jàppee xale bu amagul at, du sëqët wala limuy sëqër du bari waaye nak mën na fatt seen noyyi ab diir.[2] Diggante bi muy dug sa yaram ak bi muy feeñ mën na def juróom ñaar jàpp fukki fan.[5] Feebar bi mën na dal ñi ñaqu ba noppi waaye ni muy feeñee du tar noonu.[2] Doomu jàngoro (Bactérie) biy joxe coqueluche mooy Bordetella pertussis. Feebar la buy tasaaroo ci ngelaw li, di bawoo ci kiy sëqët, tisooli ki am feebar bi.[6] Bu nit ki xasee ba am feebar bi rek mën na ko wàllee ba keroog sëqëtam mu metti mi di am ñatti ayi-bis.[7] Ñi ñu fajee ak ay antibiotic dootu ñu wàlle suñu weesoo juróomi fan.Suñu bëggee saytu feebar bi, dañuy xool ci ginaaw bakanu nit wala ci putam. So noppee ñu amal njàngat mu xóot ci ni chaine polymerase bi di doxee.[8] Li gëna mëna aar nit ki ci jàngoro jooju mooy mu ñaqu anti-coqueluche.[9] Liir bi su amee juróom benn jàpp 8 juróom ñatti weer dañu ko wara ñaq ngir musal ko ci feebar boobu, mu luñu wara baamtu ñeenti yoon laata xale bi di weesu ñaari at.[10] Lu ñaq bi di gëna yàgg dooleem di gëna néew, moo tax yen xale dañu leen di faral di baamtul ñaq bi, ak yenn mag yi itam.[11] Nit ñi nekk ci barab bu leen feebar bi mëna dale, mën nañu jël antibiotic ngir mu musal leen ci feebar bu tar bi.[12] Ki feebar bi dug ci yaramam ba noppi mën na jël ay antibiotik diiru ñatti ayi-bis ginaaw bi feebar bi tàmbalee feeñ suko weesoo du ci mën lu bari.
Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Runny nose, fever, cough[1] Complications Vomiting, broken ribs, very tired[1][2] Duration ~ 10 weeks[3] Causes Bordetella pertussis (spread through the air)[4] Diagnostic method Nasopharyngeal swab[5] Prevention Pertussis vaccine[6] Treatment Antibiotics (if started early)[7] Frequency 16.3 million (2015)[8] Deaths 58,700 (2015)[9]
Antibiotik yi nga mëna jëfandikoo ñooyerythromycin, azithromycin, walatrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.[7] Ama guñu gëstu bu leer bu wane xarañteg garab giy dakkal sëqët mi.[13] Lu tollu 50% ci xale yu bari yu amagul benn at, fàww ñu yóbbu leen hospital, 0;5% ci ñoom (1 ci 200) dañuy faatu.[2] At mu nekk coqueluche dina jàpp lu tollu ci 16 milion ci nit ci àdduna bi.[13] Waa réew yu néew doole yi lay gëna jàpp te mën na dal ku nekk, mag wala ndaw.[9][13] Ci atum 2013 feebar faat 61 000 nit – wuute ak 138 000 yi mu faat ci 1990.[14] Lii yi amagul at le am feebar lu xawa yées 2% ci ñoom lay faat.Jàpp nañu feebar baa ngi njëkka feeñ ci 16eme xarnu (siècle).[4] Ci atum 1906 la ñu njëkka gis bacterie bi koy joxe. Ci atum1940 lañu njëkka génne ñaq bi.[5] Whooping cough Other names Pertussis, 100-day cough A young boy coughing due to pertussis. Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Runny nose, fever, cough[1] Complications Vomiting, broken ribs, very tired[1][2] Duration ~ 10 weeks[3] Causes Bordetella pertussis (spread through the air)[4] Diagnostic method Nasopharyngeal swab[5] Prevention Pertussis vaccine[6] Treatment Antibiotics (if started early)[7] Frequency 16.3 million (2015)[8] Deaths 58,700 (2015)[9]
The World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend all children be vaccinated for pertussis and that it be included in routine vaccinations.[1][5] This includes for people who have HIV/AIDS.[1] Three doses starting at six weeks of age are typically recommended in young children.[1][3] Additional doses may be given to older children and adults.[1] The vaccine is only available in combination with tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.[1]
Waa Mbootaayu Wergi-yaram ci Àdduna bi (OMS) ak waa Kuréel giy Saytu ak Fàggu ci Feebar yi (CDCP) dañu digle ñu ñaq xale yépp ci anti-coqueluche te ñu boole ko ci ñaq yi ñuy faral di def.[1] Nit ñiVIH/SIDA bokk nañu ci ñi ko wara jël.[2] Xale war nañu ko jël ñatti yoon, di tàmbali suñu amee juróom-benni ayi-bis.[3] Mën nañu ci yokk yeneen sudee xale bu dëgër wala mag.[4] Ñaq yi ci am dañu àndaale ak yeneen ñaq.[5]
Canadian Americans is a term that can be applied to American citizens whose ancestry is wholly or partly Canadian, or citizens of either country that hold dual citizenship.[1]
Amerik Canada ab baat bu mëna jëfandikoo ci waa Amerik
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.[1] Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages.
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) walla zeda L'Hindu-europiya-loula hia l'louxha r'rconstructed elli tkoun l'asl l'mosctarak mteë familyet llouxhat l'hindu-europiya[1] L'caractéristiques l'mqaddma ëla buħouth ëamlouha l'linguists explenêt r'relations mteë llouxhât l'Indo-European.proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. Belli, mafammesc l ħadd l'laħtha records tethbt elli l'indo-european kênt mn aslu mawjouda.
No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists.[2]
R'records yetmatthlou f ktiba ëla l ħyout, athar mteë nitham kiteeba walla proofs m l'culture mteëhum.[1]
Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language, and it is the best understood of all proto-languages of its age.
Kênt famma xedma kbira beesc yreconstructu PIE akthr mn ay proto-louxha oxra, s'sbab ykoun ëla xatrha akthr louxha mafhouma mn bin l'proto-louxhat l'oxra f l'ëasr mteëha.
The majority of linguistic work during the 19th century was devoted to the reconstruction of PIE or its daughter languages, and many of the modern techniques of linguistic reconstruction (such as the comparative method) were developed as a result. [citation needed]
R'reconstruction mteë PIE walla l'louxha elli jeya mnha, w barsca techniques linguistiques beesc yreconstructu bihom (kif l' "comparative method") k résultat ttawru.
PIE is hypothesized to have been spoken as a single language from 4500 BC to 2500 BC[1] during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, though estimates vary by more than a thousand years.
PIE k nathriya kênt maħkiya k louxha waħda mn 4500 QM l 2500 QM f awêxr l'ëasr l'ħäjariy w bdêyt l'ëasr l'bronzi, ama famma taqdirat oxra tdifferi b akthr mn alf snea.
According to the prevailing Kurgan hypothesis, the original homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Europe.
Farathiyt Kurgan tqoul elli asl l s'scaëb l'Proto-Hindo-Europiy ynejjm ykoun hthâb l'quqâz l'pontiya f Europa s'scarqiya.
The linguistic reconstruction of PIE has provided insight into the pastoral culture and patriarchal religion of its speakers.[4]
R'reconstruction l'linguistique mteë PIE xalletna naëtou nathra ma aëmq l l'culture l'badwi w d'din elli yqoum ëla l'mojtamaë t'thukouriy l elli kênu yeħku b l'louxha hethi.