History
Amzruy
Artifacts and structures suggest sport in China as early as 2000 BC.[15] Gymnastics appears to have been popular in China's ancient past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a number of sports, including swimming and fishing, were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt.[16] Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of Zoorkhaneh had a close connection to warfare skills.[17] Among other sports that originated in ancient Persia are polo and jousting.
Ccinwa tga aḍɣaṛ n tlalit n tunnunt, sg 2000 n usggas Ḍaṛt Tlalit , ilma s Ifrɛunen ula nutni.
Zurg Kufra Native to Libya Region Kufra District Extinct (date missing) Language family Afro-Asiatic Berber Eastern Zurg Language codes ISO 639-3 None (mis) Glottolog None
Tazrgt (nnan) tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt inɣuban nna tt-inn-ikkan ar tettusawal g udwwar n Kufra ɣ unẓul agmuḍan n Libya. Ur akkʷ fll-as llin umlan, ibdr tt (2017) am tutlayt tawlaft () lli iẓḍaṛ is jju ur tlli. Zurg Kufra Native to Libya Region Kufra District Extinct (date missing) Language family Afro-Asiatic Berber Eastern Zurg Language codes ISO 639-3 None (mis) Glottolog None
Ghadamès (Berber: Ɛdimes, [ʕdimes] or Ɣdames, [ɣdames]; Arabic: غدامس, [ɣadaːmes]) is a Berber language that is spoken in the oasis town of Ghadames in Nalut District, Libya.
Tutlayt taɣdimst (Tamaziɣt: Ɛdimes, [ʕdimes] or Ɣdames, [ɣdames]; Taɛṛabt: غدامس, [ɣadaːmes]) tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt ittusawaln ɣ uẓnig n udwwar n Ɣadamis ɣ tsuḍnt n Nalut ɣ Libya.
Ghadamès consonant phonemes (IPA) Labial Labio- dental Dental Dental phar.
ifunimn n trgalin n Tɣdimst (IPA) Labial Labio- dental Dental Dental phar.
Vowels
Iɣritn
Most Berber languages have just three phonemic vowels.
Amata n tutlayin timaziɣin ṭṭafnt ɣar kraḍ iɣritn imslicann.
Ghadamès, like Tamasheq, has seven vowels.
Taɣdimst zun d tamacq, teṭṭaf smmus iɣritn.
Ghadamès vowel phonemes (IPA) Front Central Back Close i u Close-mid e o Mid ə Near-open ɐ Open a
ifunimn n iɣritn n Tɣdimst (IPA) Front Central Back Close i u Close-mid e o Mid ə Near-open ɐ Open a
Research
Asnubbc
Ghadamès language materials have been gathered by two linguists.
Timttawin f tutlayt taɣdimst smunn-tn sin imsnilsn.
The first materials were published in 1903 and 1904 by Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski (1854–1907).
Timttawin timzwura ifsr-tnt Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski g 1903 d 1904.
A more copious and reliable source is provided by the works of White Father Jacques Lanfry, who stayed in Ghadames from 1944 to 1945 and who published his main works in 1968 and 1973.
Gant twwuriwin n Jacques Lanfry, lli iɣama g ɣadamis zɣ 1944 ar 1945 ifsr snat twuriwin-nns nna istuhmman ɣ 1968 d 1973, asagʷm yufn amzwaru.
No new research has been undertaken on location since then.
Ur jjun sul tettuskar kra n usnubbc amaynu f udɣar-ad sɣ wakud-ann.
Recently, Kossmann (2013) has published a modern grammar of Ghadamès based on Lanfry’s materials.
Ɣ tgariwin-ad, ifsr Kossmann (2013) yat tjṛṛumt tatrat ibiddn f tmttawin n Lanfry.
Number of speakers
Uṭṭun n imsiwln
Lanfry mentions the number of c.
Iqddr Lanfry is llan 4,000 n umsiwl iɣ kullu ggutn[1].
4,000 speakers as an optimistic estimate.[2] The actual number of speakers is not known with certainty. Ethnologue cites a number of c.
Uṭṭun ɣ tidt ur ittussan min turda. Ar isawal Ethnologue f yan uṭṭan dar 10,000 ɣ 2006 d 2,000 yaḍn iddrn bṛṛa n udɣar.
10,000 speakers in 2006, with another 2,000 living outside the area.
Maccan uṭṭun n 10,000 iga tamuttrt n imzdaɣn Ɣadamis lli kullu ur igin imsiwln n tutlayt taɣdimst.
However, the number of 10,000 reflects the total number of inhabitants of Ghadames, who are not all native speakers of Ghadamès.
Nnig n aya, Uṭṭun ad n 2,000 n umzwag amswil ibdd f yan usagʷm bahra iqburn[2].
In addition, the number of 2,000 emigrant speakers is based on a very old source.[3] Ethnologue classifies the language as 6b (Threatened).
Ethnologue ar tt issiḍin am tutlayt illan g imizi n unɣubu "6b" (Threatened).
The language
Tutlayt
Ghadamès is a Berber language on its own, preserving several unique phonological and morphological features, and the Ghadamès lexicon, as recorded by Lanfry, shows relatively little influence from Arabic.
Taɣdimst tga tutlayt tamaziɣt s waḍu-nns, tari mnnawt tmẓlay tisnmslitin d tsnalɣanin timyiwnin. Amawal n tɣdimst, mk lli t izmmim Lafry, ar immal iḍiṣ idrusn zzɣ tɛṛabt.
There is as yet no consensus on the classification of Ghadamès within the Berber language group.
Ur ta illi kra n umsasa f ussinw n tɣdimst gr trabbut n tutlayin timaziɣin.
Aikhenvald and Militarev (1984) group it as Eastern Berber, and Kossmann (1999) specifically groups it together with Awjila.
Aikhenvald d Militarev (1984) ar tt ssiḍinn f tmaziɣt n ugmuḍ. Kossmann (1999) ar tt ismun d Twilant.
Ethnologue classifies it as East Zenati.
Ethnologue ismma tt am Tajanat n ugmuḍ g ussinw-nns.
Phonology
Tasnmslit
Consonants
Tirgalin
Tawellemmet (Tawəlləmmət) is the largest of the Tuareg languages in the Berber branch of the Afroasiatic family.
Tutlayt Tawllammt (Tawəlləmmət) tga tutlayt akkʷ imqqurn gr tutlayin titargiyin ɣ tṣṭṭat tamaziɣt n twja tafrusyawt.
It is usually one of two languages classed within a language called Tamajaq, the other language being Aïr Tamajeq.
Ar tt bdda ssiḍinn am yat zɣ ikcmn g tutlayt mi ism Tamajaq, tutlayt tis snat tga tt Ayr Tamajeq.
Tawellemmet is the language of the Iwellemmeden Tuareg.
Tutlayt-ad tga tin tqbilt umeqqun n tebqilin titargiyin mi ism "Iwllmmdn".
It is spoken in Mali, Niger and parts of northern Nigeria by approximately 801,000 people.[2]
Ar iss isawal 801,000 n ufgan ɣ Mali, Nnijr d kra n igzzumn zɣ ugafa n Nijirya.[1]
References
Isugam
Sokna (also Sawknah, Sukna; native name: Tasuknit[2]) is a presumably extinct Eastern Berber language which was spoken in the town of Sokna (Isuknan) and the village of Fuqaha in northeastern Fezzan in Libya.
Tasuknit[1] tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt tagmuḍant lli ittyuɣal is tmmut. Kkan tt inn ayt tmdint n Isuknan (Sokna) d uḍwwaṛ Fuqaha ɣ ugafa agmuḍan n Fzzan g libya ar sis sawaln.
According to Václav Blažek (1999), Sokna was also spoken in the oasis of Tmessa.[3]
Inna Václav Blažek (1999) is tt inn kkan ar sis sawaln ɣ uẓnig n Tmssa ula ntta[2].
The most extensive and recent materials on it are Sarnelli (1924)[4] for Sokna and Paradisi (1963)[5] for El-Fogaha.
Timttawin timggura ifkan kigan n ifruritn d tin Sarnelli (1924)[1] f Tasuknit d Paradisi (1963)[2] f El-Foqaha.
Both articles report that the language was spoken only by a handful of old people at the time, so it is generally presumed to be extinct.
Imnnitn ad s sin bdrn is d ɣar yan uṭṭun idrusn n iwssarn ka ad sul sis isawaln ɣ wakud ann, ayann a f ittyuɣal is tmmut ɣil.
Aikhenvald & Militarev (1984) and Blench (2006) consider Sokna and Fezzan to be separate languages.
Aikhenvald d Militarev (1984) d Blench (2006) da ssiḍinn Tasuknit d Tfezzaniyt am snat tutlayin ibḍan.
Blench lists Tmessa and Al-Foqaha as dialects of Fezzan.
Issiḍn Blench Tmssa d El-Foqaha am tantlayin n Tafzzaniyt.
The Mzab–Wargla languages or Northern Saharan oasis dialects are a dialect cluster of the Zenati languages, within the Northern Berber subbranch.
Tutlayin n tnzruft tagafayt nɣ tutlayin n Mẓab-Wrgln gant taẓṛmt tantalant n tutlayin tijanatin lli ikcmn g tdurabbut n tmaziɣt tagafayt.
They are spoken in scattered oases of Algeria and Morocco.
Ar ttyusawalnt tutlayin a g kra n iẓnign innzwan ɣ Dzayr d Lmɣrib
Roger Blench (2006) listed eight varieties:[2]
Roger Blench (2006) da issiḍin tamt tmzarayin:[1]
However, Senhaja is actually an Atlas language.
Maca Taṣnhajt ɣ tdit tga zɣ tutlayin n waṭlas.
Linguistic maps
Tikarḍiwin tisnilsin
Mzab, Wargla and Wad Righ Gourara South Oranie and Figuig
Mẓab, Wargln d Wad Riɣ Gurara Tamaziɣt n unẓul n Wahran d Figig
Subclassification
Adussinw
Maarten Kossmann (2013) listed six "Northern Saharan oasis" dialects:[1]
Maarten Kossmann (2013) issiḍn sḍist tantlayin:[1]
South Oranie and Figuig Gurara Tuwat-Tidikelt Mzab Wargla Wad Righ (Tugurt)
Anẓul n Wahran d Figig Gurara Tuwat-Tidiklt Tumẓabt Tagargrnt Wad Righ (Tugurt)
In Ethnologue XVI (2009), the "Mzab–Wargla" languages are listed as:
Ɣ Ethnologue XVI (2009), Tutlayin n "Mẓab–Wargln" gantnt:
Tagargrent (Wargli) Temacine Tamazight (Tugurt) Taznatit ("Zenati": Gurara, Tuwat and South Oran) Tumzabt (Mozabite)
Tagargrnt Tamazight n Tmacine (Tugurt) Taznatit ("Zenati": Gurara, Tuwat and South Oran) Tumzabt