Clary Fray has just enrollled at Brooklyn Academy of Arts. On her eigtheenth birthday she learns that she is a Shadowhunter, a human born with angelic blood that fights to protect the world from demons. But that night her mother, Jocelyn Fray, is abducted by a rogue shadowhunters of "The Circle," lead by Jocelyn's husband Valentine Morgenstern.
Clary Fray se upisala na Akademiju umetnosti u Bruklinu.Na svoj osamnaesti rođendan otkriva da je Senolovac.Senolovci su ljudi rođeni sa anđeoskom krvlju koji stite svet od demona.Ali te noći,njenu majku Jocelyn pteli su Senolovci-ćlanovi ,,Kruga" čiji je lider Valentine Morgensretn,Jocelynin bivši muž.
Shadowhunters is an American fantasy television series based on The Mortal Instruments by Cassandra Clare, and developed for television by Ed Decter. It is the second adaptation of the novel series, after the 2013 film The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones, which was also produced by Constantin Film. The show received a straight-to-series order on March 30, 2015,[1] and premiered on January 12, 2016 on Freeform.
Senolovci je američka serija zasnovana na knjigama Kasandre Kler,Instrumenti smrti.Prikazivanje serije počelo je 12.januara 2016. godine na televiziji Freeform.
Synopsis
Radnja serije
References
Референце
Anouar Abdel-Malek (23 October 1924 – 15 June 2012) was an Egyptian-French political scientist of Coptic descent. He was a pan-Arabist and Marxist.[1][2]
Анвар Абдел Малек (23 Октобар 1924 - 15 Јун 2012) је био египатско-француски политички научник Коптског порекла.Био је пан Арапин и Марксиста.
Anouar Abdel-Malek gained a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1954 from Ain Shams University before studying for a doctorate at the Sorbonne.
Анвар Абдел Малек је дипломирао филозофију 1954. на Аин Шамс Универзитету (Ain Shams University) пре него што је учио за докторат на Сорбони.
He subsequently joined the CNRS, becoming head of research there in 1970.[2]
Затим се придружио Француском националном научном истраживању,постајући шеф истраћивања 1970. [1]
Works
Радови
Translated by Charles Lam Markmann as Egypt: military society; the army regime, the left, and social change under Nasser, 1968.
Превео Чарлс Лам Маркман као Egypt: military society; the army regime, the left, and social change under Nasser, 1968.
Translated by Mike Gonzalez as Social dialectics, 2 vols., 1980.
Превео Мајкл Гонзалес као Social dialectics, 2 vols., 1980.
Nation and revolution, 1981 (ed. with Miroslav Pečujlićand Gregory Blue) Science and technology in the transformation of the world, 1982 (ed. with Ānisujjāmāna) Culture and thought in the transformation of the world, 1983.
Nation and revolution, 1981 (ed. with Miroslav Pečujlićand Gregory Blue) Science and technology in the transformation of the world, 1982 ((ed. with Ānisujjāmāna) Culture and thought in the transformation of the world, 1983.
Because of his interest in eugenics and his unorthodox stance on evolution, McDougall has been adopted as an iconic figure by proponents of a strong influence of inherited traits on behaviour, some of whom are regarded by most mainstream psychologists as scientific racists.
Zbog njegovog interesovanja za eugeniku, i ne ortodoksnog stava o evoluciji MekDugal je prihvacen kao originalna figura od strane propovednika snaznog uticaja naslednih osobina u ponasanju, od kojih su neki smatrani naucnim rasistima po mnogim meinstrim psiholozima.
He wrote:
Napisao je:
In 1911, McDougal authored Body and Mind: A History and Defence of Animism.
Godine 1911. MekDugal je napisao Telo i Um: Istorija i odbrana animizma. U delu odbacio je i materijalizam i Darvinizam i podrzao vrstu Lamarkizma po kome um vodi evoluciju.
In the work he rejected both materialism and Darwinism and supported a form of Lamarckism where mind guides evolution.
MekDugal je branio vrstu animizma gde svaka materija ima mentalni aspekt. Njegova vidjenja su vrlo slicna panpsihizmu posto je verovao da postoji animisticki princip u materiji i tvrdio je u svom delu da postoji i psiholoskih i bioloskih dokaza za ovaj stav.
Mcdougall defended a form of animism where all matter has a mental aspect, his views were very similar to panpsychism as he believed that there was an animating principle in matter and had claimed in his work that there were both psychological and biological evidence for this position.[7] Mcdougall had defended the theory that mind and the brain are distinct but interact with each other though he was not a dualist or a monist as he believed his theory of animism would replace both the philosophical views of dualism and monism.[8][9] As a parapsychologist he also claimed telepathy had been scientifically proven, he used evidence from psychic research as well as from biology and psychology to defend his theory of animism.[10]
MekDugal je branio teoriju da um i mozak se razlikuju ali utice jedno na drugo iako nije bio ni dualistani monista jer je verovao da ce njegova teorija animizma zameniti oba filozofska vidjenja o dualizmu i monizmu. Kao parapsihlog takodje je tvrdio da je telepatija naucno dokazana. Koristio je dokaze sa psihickih istrazivanja kao i iz biologije i psihologije da odbrani svoju teoriju o animizmu.
McDougall produced another work attacking materialism titled Materialism and Emergent Evolution (1929). In the book he had also criticised the theory of emergent evolution as he claimed it had ignored the evidence of Lamarckism and had ignored the evidence of mind guiding evolution.
MekDugal je napisao jos jedno delo gde napada materijalizam pod nazivom Materijalizam i izranjajuca Evolucija (1929). U knjizi je takodje kritikovao teoriju izranjajuce evolucije gde um vodi.
McDougall's last work on the subject titled The Riddle of Life (1938) criticised organicism as according to McDougall even though the theory of organicism had rejected materialism it had not gone far enough in advocating an active role for a nonphysical principle.[11]
MekDugalovo poslednje delo na ovu temu nazvano Zagonetka Zivota (1938) kritikuje organicizam jer prema MekDugalu iako teorija organicizma odbila materijalizam, nije otisla dovoljno daleko u zauzimanju aktivne uloge za ne fizicki princip.
William McDougall FRS[2] (/məkˈduːɡəl/; 22 June 1871 – 28 November 1938) was an early 20th century psychologist who spent the first part of his career in the United Kingdom and the latter part in the United States.
Viliam MekDugal ( 22 Jun 1871-28 Novembar 1938) bio je pocetkom 20. veka psiholog koji je proveo prvi deo svoje karijere u Velikoj Britaniji a drugi deo u Sjedinjenim Drzavama.
He wrote a number of highly influential textbooks, and was particularly important in the development of the theory of instinct and of social psychology in the English-speaking world.
On je napisao veliki broj visoko uticajnih tekstova, i bio je posebno vazan u razvoju teorije nagona i socijalne psihologije u svetu u Engleskom govornom podrucju.
He was an opponent of behaviourism and stands somewhat outside the mainstream of the development of Anglo-American psychological thought in the first half of the 20th century; but his work was very well known and respected among lay people.
Bio je protivnik biheviorizma i donekle stoji van glavnih tokova razvoja Anglo-Americkih psiholoskih mislenja u prvoj polovini 20. veka; ali njegov rad je veoma dobro poznat i postovan medju laicima.
McDougall was educated at Owens College, Manchester and St John's College, Cambridge.[3] He also studied medicine and physiology in London and Göttingen.
MekDugal se skolovao na Owens koledzu, Manchester i St John's koledzu na Kembridzu. Studirao je medicinu i filozofiju u Londonu i Gotingenu.
After teaching at University College London and Oxford, he was recruited to occupy the William James chair of psychology at Harvard University in 1920, where he served as a professor of psychology from 1920 to 1927.
Nakon predaje na Univerzitetskom koledzu u Londonu i Oksfordu, on je regrutovan da zauzme mesto Willama James-a psihologa na Harvard Univerzitetu 1920, gde je sluzio kao profesor psiholgije od 1920 do 1927.
He then moved to Duke University, where he established the Parapsychology Laboratory under J. B. Rhine, and where he remained until his death.
Zatim je premesten na Duke Univerzitet, gde je osnovao Laboratoriju Parapsihologije pod J. B. Rhine, and gde je ostao do svoje smrti.
He was a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Bio je clan Kraljevskog drustva.
Among his students were Cyril Burt, May Smith, William Brown, and J. C. Flügel.[4]
Medju njegovim ucenicima su bili Cyril Burt, May Smith, William Brown, and J. C. Flugel.
McDougall's interests and sympathies were broad.
MekDugalova interesovanja i sklonosti su bili siroki.
He was interested in eugenics, but departed from neo-Darwinian orthodoxy in maintaining the possibility of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, as suggested by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; he carried out many experiments designed to demonstrate this process.
Zanimala ga je eugenika, ali posto se udaljio od neo-Darvinisticke ortodoksije u zadrzavanju mogucnosti nasledja stecenih osobina, kao sto predlaze Zan-Baptist Lamark; izvodio je mnoge eksperimente kreirani da demonstriraju ovaj proces.
Opposing behaviourism, he argued that behaviour was generally goal-oriented and purposive, an approach he called hormic psychology (from Greek ὁρμή hormḗ "impulse").
Suprotno biheviorizmu, smatrao je da je ponasanje uglavnom sa ciljem i sa namerom, pristup koji je nazvao hormicka psihologija.
However, in the theory of motivation, he defended the idea that individuals are motivated by a significant number of inherited instincts, whose action they may not consciously understand, so they might not always understand their own goals.
Medjutim, u teoriji motivacije, branio je ideju da su individue motivisane znacajnim brojem naslednih instinkta, cije radnje mozda ne razumeju svesno, pa zbog toga mozda ne uvek sopstvene ciljeve.
His ideas on instinct strongly influenced Konrad Lorenz [citation needed], though Lorenz did not always acknowledge this [citation needed]. McDougall underwent psychoanalysis with C. G. Jung, and was also prepared to study parapsychology.
Njegove ideje o instinktu snazno su uticale na Konrada Lorenca, iako Lorenc nije uvek priznavao to MekDugal se podvrgnuo psihoanalizi sa C. G. Jangom, i bio je takodje spreman da studira parapsihologiju.
In 1920 he served as president of the Society for Psychical Research, and in the subsequent year of its US counterpart, the American Society for Psychical Research.[5] A strong advocate of scientific method and academic professionalization in psychical research, McDougall was instrumental in establishing parapsychology as a university discipline in the US in the early 1930s.[6]
Godine 1920. bio je predsednik udruzenja za psihicka istrazivanja. Naredne godine Americkog udruzenja - Americko udruzenje za psihicka istrazivanja. Snazan pobornik naucne metode i akademske profesionalizacije u psihickom istrazivanju, MekDugal je pomogao u uspostavljanju parapsihologije kao univerzitetske discipline u Ujedinjenim Drzavama pocetkom 1930-ih.
Animism
Animizam
Selected bibliography
Bibliografija
The Group Mind (1920, reprinted 1973) Physiological Psychology (1905).
The Group Mind (1920, reprinted 1973) Physiological Psychology (1905) .
William McDougall (psychologist)
Wiliam MekDugal
The method of Zygalski sheets was a cryptologic technique used by the Polish Cipher Bureau before and during World War II, and during the war also by British cryptologists at Bletchley Park, to decrypt messages enciphered on German Enigma machines.
Metoda Zigalski-listova je kriptografska tehnika korišćena od strane Poljskog kriptografskog odseka pre i tokom Drugog svetskog rata, kao i od strane britanskih kriptografa u Blečli parku za dešifrovanje poruka šifrovanih pomoću nemačkih Enigma uređaja. Zygalski sheet aparatura je dobila naziv po poljskom matematičaru i kriptologu Henriku Zigalskom, koji ga je izumeo u oktobru 1938. godine.
Method
Metoda
A Zygalski sheet
Zygalski sheet
Zygalski's device comprised a set of 26 perforated sheets for each of the, initially, six possible sequences for inserting the three rotors into the Enigma machine's scrambler.[1] Each sheet related to the starting position of the left (slowest-moving) rotor.
Zigalskijev aparat se sastoji od 26 perforiranih listova, za svaku od, u početku, šest mogućih sekvenci za ubacivanje tri rotora u skrembler Enigma mašine. (1) Svaki list se odnosi na početnu poziciju levog (najsporijeg) rotora. Matrica 26 × 26 predstavlja 676 mogućih početnih pozicija levih rotora i rotora u sredini koji su kopirani horizontalno i vertikalno: a-z, a-y. Potom se u listove utiskuju rupice u određenim pozicijama.
Manufacture
Proizvodnja
Demonstration of two perforated sheets at Bletchley Park Museum
Primer dva preforirana listova u muzeju Blečli Park
The Cipher Bureau's manual manufacture of the sheets, which for security reasons was done by the mathematician-cryptologists themselves,[4] using razor blades, was very time-consuming.
Ručna proizvodnja listova od strane matematičara-kriptologa Poljskog kriptografskog odseka iz sigurnosnih razloga (4) korišćenjem oštrica brijača je trajala poprilično dugo, tako da je samo trećina posla bila završena do 15. decembra 1938. godine.
By December 15, 1938, only a third of the job had been finished.
Istog datuma su Nemci ubacili četvrti i peti rotor i time su desetostruko uvećali potreban rad za pravljenje listova, jer je u tom slučaju bilo potrebno deset puta više listova (od prvobitno mogućih 60 kombinacija sekvenci sa tri rotora) za pet rotora Enigma mašine. (3)
On that date, the Germans introduced rotors IV and V, thus increasing the labor of making the sheets tenfold, since ten times as many sheets were now needed (for the now 60 possible combinations of sequences, in an Enigma machine, of 3 rotors selected from among the now 5).[3]
Pet nedelja pre izbijanja Drugog svetskog rata, 25. jula 1939. godine u Varšavi, generalni štab Poljskog kriptografskog odseka otkriva britanskim i francuskim saveznicima svoja kriptografska postignuća u rešavanju Enigme, u koja je uključen metod perforiranih listova Henrika Zigalskog. (5) i[3]
On July 25, 1939, five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau disclosed to their French and British allies, at Warsaw, their cryptologic achievements in breaking Enigma ciphers.[5] Part of the disclosures involved Zygalski's "perforated-sheet" method.
Britanska deonica predvođena Džonom R.F. Džefrizom (su u Blečli parku (u blizini Londona) izradili dva kompletirana seta perforiranih listova uz pomoć perforatora. (6) (7) Listovi su u Blečli parku bili poznatiji pod imenom Netz (nastalo od nemačke reči Netzverfahren, čije je značenje ,,novi metod''), a kasnije su postali poznati po Gordonu Velhmanu kao ,,Džefrizovi listovi'' i odnosili su se na novi katalog koji je proizvela Džefrizova deonica. (6)
The British, at Bletchley Park, near London, England, undertook the production of two complete sets of perforated sheets. The work was done, with the aid of perforators, by a section headed by John R.F. Jeffreys.[6][7] The sheets were known at Bletchley as Netz (from Netzverfahren, "net method"), though they were later remembered by Gordon Welchman as "Jeffreys sheets"; the latter term, however, referred to another catalog produced by Jeffreys' section.[6]
a[6]
The first set was completed in late December 1939. On December 28, part of the second set was delivered to the Polish cryptologists,[7] who had by then escaped from German-overrun Poland to PC Bruno outside Paris, France.
Prvi set je završen u decembru 1939. godine, a deo drugog seta je dostavljen poljskim kriptografima 28. decembra (7) , koji su do tad pobegli od nemačkog preuzimanja Poljske u poljsko-francusku stanicu za presretanje signala i dešifrovanje nemačkih poruka PC Bruno u blizini Pariza.
The remaining sheets were completed on January 7, 1940,[8] and were couriered by Alan Turing to France shortly thereafter.[7] "With their help," writes Rejewski, "we continued solving Enigma daily keys."[3] The sheets were used by the Poles to make the first wartime decryption of an Enigma message, on January 17, 1940.[7][9]
Preostali listovi su kompletirani 7. januara 1940. godine (8) i Alan Tjuring ih je ubrzo nakon toga poslao u Francusku.(7). ,,Uz njihovu pomoć'', piše Rejevski, ,,smo nastavili da rešavamo Enigma ključeve svakodnevno.'' (3) Listovi su korišćeni od strane Poljaka za pravljenje prve dekripcije poruka sa Enigme za vreme rata 17. januara 1940. godine. (7) (9) U maju 1940. godine su Nemci ponovo promenili proceduru ključeva za šifrovanje poruka (sa izuzetkom Norverške mreže). Iz tog razloga su Zigalski listovi postali beskorisni, ali je zato Herivelova ideja ideja za razbijanje šifre bila od koristi.
Herivel, John (2008), Herivelismus and the German Military Enigma, Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire: M & M Baldwin, ISBN 978-0947712464 Kozaczuk, Władysław (1984), Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher was Broken, and how it was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek (2 ed.), Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America, ISBN 978-0890935477 A revised and augmented translation of W kręgu enigmy, Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza, 1979, supplemented with appendices by Marian Rejewski and others.
Herivel, John (2008), Herivelismus and the German Military Enigma, Cleobury Mortimer, Shropshire: M & M Baldwin, ISBN 978-0947712464 Kozaczuk, Władysław (1984), Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher was Broken, and how it was Read by the Allies in Wolrd War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek (2 ed.), Frederick, Maryland: University of Publications of America, ISBN 978-0890935477 A revised and argumented translation of W kręgu enigmy, Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza, 1979, supplemented with appendices by Marian Rejewski and others.