Grammar
Gramma
Te Reo Maori Act definition
Te Reo Maori Akt definishun
Writing system and pronunciation
Writin sistem an pronunsiayshun
Vowels
Wowels
“ (a) means the Māori language (including its various dialects) as spoken or written in any island of the Cook Islands; and (b) Is deemed to include Pukapukan as spoken or written in Pukapuka; and (c) Includes Māori that conforms to the national standard for Māori approved by Kopapa Reo ”
“ (a) miins t' Māori laenghwij (encludin ets mani diialekts) as tal'n o writen i' any ailen o' dem Cook Ailen; an (b) Es diimed t' enclude Pukapukan as tal'n o writen i' Pukapuka; an (c) Encludes Māori tat konforms t' t' nashunal stendard f' Māori aprooved b' Kopapa Reo ”
Official status
Ofishol Stetus
Cook Islands Māori is an Eastern Polynesian language.
Dem Cook Ailen Māori esa Iistern Polynesian language.
It is the official language of the Cook Islands and is an indigenous language of the Realm of New Zealand.
Ets t' ofishol laenghwij o' dem Cook Ailen an esa indijenus laenghwij o' t' Realm o' Nyuu Ziilan.
Cook Islands Māori is closely related to New Zealand Māori but is a distinct language.
Dem Cook Ailen Māori es rilii riilated t' Nyuu Ziilan Māori but es wan laenghwij.
Cook Islands Māori is simply called Māori when there is no need to disambiguate it from New Zealand Māori, but it is also known as Māori Kūki 'Āirani (or Maori Kuki Airani), or, controversially, Rarotongan. Many Cook Islanders also call it Te reo Ipukarea, literally "the language of the Ancestral Homeland".
Dem Cook Ailen Māori es simplii kauled Māori wen deir es no niid t' disambigyuait et f' Nyuu Ziilan Māori, but ets known as Māori Kūki 'Āirani (o Maori Kuki Airani), o, controvershulii, Rarotongan, tuu. Mani o' dem Cook Ailendas also kaul et Te reo Ipukarea, literalii "t' laenghwij o' t' Ansestral Hoemlan".
Cook Islands Māori became an official language of the Cook Islands in 2003,[6] but has no official status in New Zealand, despite the fact that New Zealand is signatory to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
Dem Cook Ailen Māori b' kam a ofishol laenghwij o' dem Cook Ailen i' 2003,[6] but haufs no ofishol stetus i' Nyuu Ziilan, despiit t' fakt tat Nyuu Ziilan es signatorii t' t' Yunitid Nayshuns Declarayshun a' t' Riits o' Indijenus Piopels.
The Te Reo Maori Act states that Māori:
T' Te Reo Maori Act staits tat Māori:
(see external links).
(sii ekstirnal links).
Pukapukan is considered by scholars and speakers alike to be a distinct language more closely related to Sāmoan and Tokelauan than Cook Islands Māori.
Pukapukan es konsidired b' skolars an' talas tuu t' b' a distinkt laenghwij moor rilii riilated t' Sāmoan and Tokelauan t' Dem Cook Ailen Māori.
It belongs to the Samoic subgroup of the Polynesian language family.
Et b'longs t' t' Samoic subgroup o' t' Polynesian laenghwij family.
The intention behind including Pukapukan in the definition of Te Reo Maori was to ensure its protection.
T' intenshun b'hiind encludin' Pukapukan i' t' definishun o' Te Reo Maori wos t' meik shur o' ets protecshun.
The dialects[7] of the East Polynesian varieties of the Cook Islands (collectively referred to as Cook Islands Māori) are:
T' dialekts[7] o' t' Iist Polynesian warietiis o' Dem Cook Ailen (colectivlii refirred t' as Dem Cook Ailen Māori) es:
Rakahanga-Manihiki Penrhyn (Tongarevan or Mangarongaro);[8] Southern: Rarotongan, Ngā Pū Toru (the dialects of Atiu, Mitiaro and Mauke), Aitutaki, Mangaia.
Rakahanga-Manihiki Penrhyn (Tongarevan o Mangarongaro);[8] Sowthern: Rarotongan, Ngā Pū Toru (the dialects of Atiu, Mitiaro and Mauke), Aitutaki, Mangaia.
Cook Islands Māori is closely related to Tahitian and New Zealand Māori, and there is a degree of mutual intelligibility with both of these languages.
Dem Cook Ailen Māori es rilii relatid t' Tahitian an Nyuu Ziilan Māori, an deir es a degrii o' mushual intelijibilitii wit' both o' dese laenghwijs.
The language is theoretically regulated by the Kopapa Reo created in 2003, but this organisation is currently dormant.
T' laenghwij es teoreticalii regulatid b' t' Kopapa Reo meik'd i' 2003, but dis organisayshun es currentlii dorment.
There is a debate about the standardisation of the writing system.
Deir esa debait o' t' stendardisayshun o' t' writin sistem.
Although the usage of the macron (־) te makarona and the glottal stop amata (ꞌ) (/ʔ/) is recommended, most speakers do not use the two diacritics in everyday writing.
Altho t' usaj o' t' macron (־) te makarona an t' glottel stawp amata (ꞌ) (/ʔ/) es recommendid, most talas don't use t' tuu diakritiks i' dail writin'.
The Cook Islands Māori Revised New Testament uses a standardised orthography (spelling system) that includes the diacritics when they are phonemic but not elsewhere.
Dem Cook Ailen Māori Revis'd Nyuu Testament uses a stendardis'd ortografii (spellin sistem) tat encludes t' diakritiks wen dey're fonemic but nor elsabout.
Labial Alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive p t k ʔ Tap ɾ Fricative f1 v s2 h3
Labial Alweolar Welar Glottel Naysal m n ŋ Plosiv p t k ʔ Tap ɾ Fricativ f1 v s2 h3
Present only in Manihiki Present only in Penrhyn Present only in Manihiki and Penrhyn
Onli i' Manihiki Onli i' Penrhyn Onli i' Manihiki an Penrhyn
Cook Islands Māori
Dem Cook Ailen Māori
Front Central Back Close i iː u uː Close-mid e eː o oː Open a aː
Frunt Centrel Bak Klos i iː u uː Klose-mid e eː o oː Open a aː
Cook Islands Māori is an isolating language with very little morphology.
Dem Cook Ailen Māori es an isolatin laenghwij wit' a rilii smaal morfolojii.
Case is marked by the particle that initiates a noun phrase, and like most East Polynesian languages, Cook Islands Māori has nominative-accusative case marking.
Kaas es mark'd b' t' partikul tat inishiaits a nown frase, an lik most o' dem Iist Polynesian laenghwijs, dem Cook Ailen Māori haufs nominativ-accusativ kas markin.
The unmarked constituent order is predicate initial.
T' unmark'd konstituent orduh es predicait inishul.
That is, verb initial in verbal sentences and nominal-predicate initial in non-verbal sentences.
Tat es, werb inishul i' werbal frases an nominal-predicaot inishul i' non-werbal frases.
Phonology
Fonolojii
Falling diphthongs Second component /i/ /u/ First component /e/ ei̯ eu̯ /o/ oi̯ ou̯ /a/ ai̯ au̯
Dem Fallin diftong Sekand komponent /i/ /u/ Furst komponent /e/ ei̯ eu̯ /o/ oi̯ ou̯ /a/ ai̯ au̯
Fijian (Na Vosa Vakaviti) is an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken by some 350,000–450,000 ethnic Fijians as a native language.
Fijian (Na Vosa Vakaviti) esa Austronesian laenghwij o' t' Malayo-Polynesian family tal'n b' soom 350 000–450 000 etnik Fijians as a nativ laenghwij.
The 2013 Constitution established Fijian as an official language of Fiji, along with English and Hindi, and there is discussion about establishing it as the "national language", though English and Hindi would remain official.
T' 2013 Konstitushun meid Fijian as an ofishol laenghwij o' Fiji, wit' Inglish an Hindi tuu, an deir es diskushun abaut establishin et as t' "nashunal laenghwij", tho Inglish an Hindi wil stey ofishol.
Fijian is a VOS language.[3]
Fijian esa VOS laenghwij.[3]
Standard Fijian is based on the speech of Bau, which is an East Fijian language.
Stendard Fijian es bais'd a' t' talin' o' Bau, wich esa Iist Fijian laenghwij.
A pidginized form is used by many Indo-Fijians and ethnic Chinese on the islands, while Pidgin Hindustani is used by many rural ethnic Fijians.
A pidginiz'd form es used b' mani Indo-Fijians an etnik Chinese a' dem ailen, whiil Pidgin Hindustani es used b' mani rural etnik Fijians.
The consonant phonemes of Fijian are as shown in the following table:
T' consonant fonemes o' Fijian es as shown i' t' followin tabul:
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Nasal m n ŋ Plosive voiceless (p) t k prenasalized ᵐb ⁿd ⁿɡ Fricative voiceless (f) s (x) voiced β ð Trill plain r prenasalized ᶯɖʳ Approximant w l j (h)
Labial Coronal Palatal Welar Naysal m n ŋ Plosiv voiceless (p) t k prenasalized ᵐb ⁿd ⁿɡ Fricativ voiceless (f) s (x) voiced β ð Trill plain r prenasalized ᶯɖʳ Aaproksimant w l j (h)
Fijian language
Fijian laenghwij
The consonant written ⟨dr⟩ has been described as a prenasalized trill [nr] or trilled fricative [ndr].
T' consonent writ'n ⟨dr⟩ haufs bin describ'd as a prenasaliz'd trill [nr] o trill'd fricativ [ndr].
However, it is only rarely pronounced with a trilled release; the primary feature distinguishing it from ⟨d⟩ is that it is postalveolar, [ɳɖ], rather than dental/alveolar.[5]
Tho, ets onli rarlii pronouns'd wit' a trill'd reliis; t' primarii feachure distinguishin et f' ⟨d⟩ es tat ets postalveolar, [ɳɖ], insteado' dental/alveolar. [5]
The sounds [p] and [f] occur only in loanwords from other languages.
T' sowns [p] an [f] okkur onli i' loanwords f' otha laenghwijs.
The sounds [x] and [h] only occur for speakers from certain regions of the country.
T' sowns [x] an [h] onli okkur f' talas f' serten rejins o' t' kuntrii.
Note the difference in place of articulation between the voiced-voiceless fricative pairs: bilabial [β] vs. labiodental [f], and dental [ð] vs. alveolar [s].
Notis t' differens i' place o' articulayshun b'twiin t' voic'd-voiceles fricativ payrs: bilabial [β] vs. labiodental [f], an dental [ð] vs. alveolar [s].
The vowel phonemes are:
Dem wowel fonemes es:
Monophthongs Front Central Back short long short long short long Close i iː u uː Mid e eː o oː Open a aː
Dem Monoftongs Frunt Centrel Bak short lon short lon short lon Klos i iː u uː Mid e eː o oː Open a aː
Consonants
Consonents
The Nauruan[1] or Nauru[4][5][6] language (dorerin Naoero) is an Oceanic language, spoken natively by around 6,000 people in the island country of Nauru.
T' Nauruan[1] o Nauru[4][5][6] laenghwij (dorerin Naoero) esa Oceanic laenghwij, tal'n nativlii b' abaut 6 000 piopel i' t' ailen kuntrii o' Nauru.