Northern Sotho (Sesotho sa Leboa), also known by the name of its standardised dialect version Sepedi (or Pedi) is a Bantu language spoken primarily in South Africa, where it is one of the 11 official languages.
Sesotho sa Leboa, e tsebja gape ka leleme la semmušo la polelosemmotwana la Sepedi, ke ye nngwe ya maleme a Bantu ao a bolelwago kudu Afrika Borwa, fao e lego ye nngwe ya maleme a 11 a semmušo.
According to the 2011 census it was the first language of 4,618,576 people in South Africa, principally in the provinces of Limpopo, Gauteng and Mpumalanga.[5]
Go ya ka 2011 census e be e le leleme la pele la batho ba 4,618,576 Afrika Borwa, kudu profenseng ya Limpopo, Gauteng le Mpumalanga.[1]
The main symptoms of variants and stages of tuberculosis are given,[15] with many symptoms overlapping with other variants, while others are more (but not entirely) specific for certain variants.
The main symptoms of variants and stages of tuberculosis are given,[1] with many symptoms overlapping with other variants, while others are more (but not entirely) specific for certain variants.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.[1] Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.[1] Most infections do not have symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.[1] About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those affected.[1] The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.[1] It was historically called "consumption" due to the weight loss.[8] Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.[9]
Bolwetši bja mafahla (TB) ke bolwetši bja go fetela bjo gantši bo tlholwago ke pakteria ya Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.[1] Bolwetši bja mafahla gantši bo ama maswafo, gape bo ka ama ditho tše dingwe tša mmele.[1] Diphetedi tše dintši ga di na maswao, tšeo di tsebjago ka la bolwetši bja mafahla bja latent.[1] Palo ya 10% ya diphetedi tša latent di tšwelapele go phetedi ya mafolofolo, yeo, ge a ka tlogelwa e sa alafiwa, e ka bolaya seripa sa palo ya bao ba amegilego.[1] Dišupo tša klasiki tša TB ya mafolofolo ke segohlolo sa go ba manina a go hlakana le madi, letadi, go ela dithitho bošego, le go fokotšega mmele[1] Kgale e be e bitšwa "tirišo/consumption" ka lebaka la go fokotšega ga mmele.[2] Phetelo ya ditho tše dingwe e ka baka mehuta e mentši ya dišupo.[3]
Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.[1][10] People with latent TB do not spread the disease.[1] Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.[1] Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids.[11] Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests.[11]
Bolwetši bja mafahla bo phatlalala ka moya ge batho bao ba nago le TB ya mafolofolo mafahleng a bona ba gohlola, ba tshwa mare, ba bolela goba go ethimola.[1][2] Batho ba go ba le TB ya latent ga ba phatlalatše bolwetši.[1] Phetetši ya mafolofolo e direga gantši go batho bao ba nago le HIV/AIDS gape le go bao ba folago.[1] Phekolo ya TB ya mafolofolo e theilwe godimo ga di-X-ray tša kgara, gammogo le ditlhahlobo tša microscopic le setšo sa diela tša mmele.[3] Phekolo ya TB ya latent e itshepetše go teko ya letlalo ya tuberculin (TST) goba diteko tša madi.[3]
Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine.[3][4][5] Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB.[4] Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time.[4] Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).[1]
Thibelo ya TB e ama go sekirina bao ba lego kotsing e kgolo, tekolo ya ka pela le dikgetsi tša kalafi, le kenti/vaccination le kenti ya bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).[1][2][3] Bao ba le go kotsing e kgolo ba akaretša batho ka gae, mošomong le dikgokaganyo tša selegae tša batho bao ba phelago ka TB.[2] Phekolo e hloka tirišo ya diantibiotiki tše dintši sebaka se se telele[4] Kganano ya diantibioki ke bothata bjo bo golo kudu bjo bo golago ka e kgolo ya multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) le extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).[4]
As of 2018 one-quarter of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB.[6] New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year.[12] In 2017, there were more than 10 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.6 million deaths.[7] This makes it the number one cause of death from an infectious disease.[7] More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries, and more than 50% in India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Philippines.[7] The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000.[1] About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5–10% of people in the United States population test positive by the tuberculin test.[13] Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.[14]
Ka 2017, go bile le dikgetsi tša go feta 10 million tša TB ya mafolofolo tšeo di lebišitšego go mahu a 1.6 million. Se se e dira gore ebe palo ya pele ya tlholego ya mahu a malwetši a phetelo. Palo ya go feta 95% ya mahu e diregile go go dinaga tše di tšwetšego pele, gape palo ya go feta 50% e ka India, Tšhaena, Indonesia, Pakistan, le Philippines.[1] Palo ya dikgetsi tše mpsha ngwaga o mongwe le o mongwe e fokotšegile go tloga ka 2000.[4] Palo ya go lekana le 80% ya batho ba ba ntši ba ka dinageng tša Asia le Afrika ba na le diteko tša phosethifi mola 5–10% ya batho ba ka United States ba na le diteko tša phosethifi tša tuberculin.[5] Bolwetši bja mafahla ke kgale bo le gona mo bathong go tloga since dinako tša bogologolo.[6]
Lilian Masediba Matabane Ngoyi, "Mma Ngoyi", (25 September 1911 – 13 March 1980) was a South African anti-apartheid activist.[1][2][3][4] She was the first woman elected to the executive committee of the African National Congress, and helped launch the Federation of South African Women.
Lilian Masediba Matabane Ngoyi, "Mma Ngoyi", (25 September 1911 – 13 March 1980) O be a le moAfrikaborwa wa go lwela tokologo.[1][2][3][4] E be e le mosadi wa mathomo wa Go kgethwa bjale ka moetapele wa mokgahlo African National Congress, ebile o thušitše go thoma mokgahlo wa Federation of South African Women.
Prior to becoming a machinist at a textile mill, where she was employed from 1945 to 1956, Ngoyi enrolled to become a nurse.[5]
Pele a tla šoma bjale ka machinist kua textile mill, mo a ilego a šoma Go tloga ka 1945 go fihlela ka1956, Ngoyi o ile a ithuta goba mooki.[1]
Ngoyi was born in Bloed Street, Pretoria.
Ngoyi o belegwe ko Bloed Street, Pretoria.
She was the only daughter of Annie and Isaac Matabane, and a sister to three brothers, Lawrence, George and Percy.
E be ele mosetsanyana a nnoši wa Annie le Isaac Matabane, be ele kgaetšedi ya masogana a mararo elego Lawrence, George le Percy.
Her grandfather, on her mother's side, was Johannes Mphahlele, a member of the royal Mphahlele household, who became a Methodist evangelist, working alongside Samuel Mathabathe.
Rakgolo wa gagwe, gotšwa lehlakoreng la Mme ebe ele Johannes Mphahlele, wa leloko la bogoši bja ga Mphahlele yo a ilego a fetoga Methodist evangelist, a šoma le Samuel Mathabathe.
Ngoyi's mother worked as a washerwoman and her father was a mineworker.
Mmago Ngoyi o be a šoma go hlatswa diaparo mola tatagwe a šoma mmaeneng.
Ngoyi attended Kilnerton primary school until Standard Two.
Ngoyi o tsene sekolo sa tlasana sa Kilnerton primary school go fihla ka mphato wa bobedi
In 1928, she moved to Johannesburg to train as a nurse at City Deep Mine Hospital.
Ka 1928, o ile a thothela gola Johannesburg Go ithutela tša booki gola City Deep Mine Hospital.
Here, she married a van driver, John Gerard Ngoyi, in 1934.
Moo, o ile a nyalwa ke mootledi John Gerard Ngoyi, ka1934.
They had a daughter, Edith Ngoyi.
Ba ile ba ba le morwedi yo elego Edith Ngoyi.
Her husband died in a motor car accident in 1937.
Mo na wa gagwe o hlokagetše ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka 1937.
She joined the ANC Women's League in 1952; she was at that stage a widow with two children and an elderly mother to support, and worked as a seamstress.
O ile a joina ANC Women's League ka 1952; she was at that stage a widow with two children and an elderly mother to support, and worked as a seamstress.
She received her bachelor's degree from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1946. While she was at university, she found that "on a South African campus, the student issues that matter are national issues". She was involved in the founding of the Federation of Progressive Students, also known as the Progressive Students League,[1] and got to know, among other fellow students, Nelson Mandela, future President of South Africa, and Eduardo Mondlane, the first leader of the Mozambique freedom movement FRELIMO.
O ile go fetša marema tlou sekolong sa jeppe sa godimo sa basetsana , o ile Aya go ithutela yunibesithi ya Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Ka 1942 go fihla Ka 1946 .O Ile a a tswelela pele ka ba (social studies),mola a hwetsa sociology, anthropology, economic history, anthropology history ya ekonomi leNative administration barutwana ba gagwe le Nelson Mandela, Eduardo Mondlane ( Moeta Pele wa Mozambique wa Di tikologo TSA baetapele ba FRELIMO ) ,Joe slovo JN Singh (leloko le bohlokwa la Natal le South African Indian Congress ),le Ismail Meer.Thuso ya mathomo e humane tshwaro yabathuthi ya tswelang pele e beilwe bjale ka Mongwaledi go Young Communist league Ebe enale mafolofolo go Progressive Youth Counsil le makwana , sehlopha sa Johannesburg sa CPSA Ka 1947 se bereketse Johannesburg gabotse gomme se setse Ka lebala la go ngangisana le go se dumelelane le go bontswa ke ba Emedi ko go Counsil.
Ruth First Ruth First c.1960 Born (1925-05-04)4 May 1925 Johannesburg, South Africa Died 17 August 1982(1982-08-17) (aged 57) Maputo, Mozambique Occupation Anti-apartheid activist Spouse(s) Joe Slovo Children Shawn Slovo, Gillian Slovo, Robyn Slovo
Mongwadi wa Ditaba seakatemiki le polotiki ramafolofolo
First was one of the defendants in the Treason Trial of 1956–1961, alongside 156 other leading anti-apartheid activists who were key figures in the Congress Alliance.
First o be ale omongwe wa difetodi koa go Treason Trial ya 1956–1961, goši le 156 ya baetapele ba bohlokwa ba leloko la anti-apartheid go Congress Alliance.
First's early work and writings were largely used as evidence to prove treason on behalf of the Congress Alliance.[4] Following four years of harassment by the state, First alongside the 155 other activists were all acquitted of their charges.
Mešomo le mangwalo agwe a šomešetšwe bjalo ka bohlatsi go hlodišiša go tshwarwa gwa baetapele ba Congress Alliance.[1] Ka morago ya ngwaga e nne ya go kgotlelela , First leba šomišani ba le-155 ba ile ba lokollwa.
After the state of emergency that followed the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, she was listed and banned.
Ka morago GA seemo seboema sa tšhoša nageng Ena go fihla tiragalo yaSharpeville massacre ka 1960, First o emišitswe.
She could not attend meetings or publish, and she could not be quoted.
O ile a bereka boema gomme a hloka tumelelo go tsena melatonin le ba bangwe,le batho baseball tukelo go šomiša mangwalo agwe.
In 1963, during another government crackdown, she was imprisoned and held in isolation without charge for 117 days under the Ninety-Day Detention Law.
Ka1963, ka nako mokgatlo wa Naga ole seemong seboema, o tshwerwe ba motsenisa kgolegong kantle le molato go fihla matšatši a le-117 ka taelo ya- Ninety-Day Detention Law.
She was the first white woman to be detained under this law.[5]
First ebele Mosadi wamathomo wa lekgoa wagon tshwarwa ka taelo yeo ya Ninty-Day Detention Law.[2]
Exile and assassination
Go tšhaba naga le maanomabe a polayo
Heloise Ruth First (4 May 1925 – 17 August 1982) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and scholar.
Heloise Ruth First (4 May 1925 – 17 Phuphu1982) Mongwadi wa Ditaba seakatemiki le polotiki ramafolofolo.
She was assassinated in Mozambique, where she was working in exile, by a parcel bomb built by South African police.
Obolailwe ko Mozambique, mo aberekile gona Kanako atšabile Afrika Borwa, ka parcel bomb e agilweng ka mapodisa a-Afrika Borwa.
Family and education
Lelapa le Thuto
Ruth First's Jewish parents, Julius First and Matilda Levetan, emigrated to South Africa from Latvia in 1906 and became founding members of the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), the forerunner of the South African Communist Party (SACP). Ruth First was born in 1925 and brought up in Johannesburg.
E be ele ngwana wa mosetsana wa Jewish immigrants Julius le Matilda (new levetan) wa Pele . Julius mmopi wa di fenetšhara ,o belegwe Latvia atla South Africa Ka 1906 a nale mengwaga ye lesome .Matilda o tlile South Africa anale mengwaga ye nne .E be ele maloko a mokgatlo wa leloko la mokgatlo wa South Africa (CPSA, morago South African Communist party[ SAPC] Ka 1921 .
Like her parents, she joined the Communist Party,[1] which was allied with the African National Congress in its struggle to overthrow the South African government.
Ruth le butiagwe Ronald BA gotse bjalo Ka Di beiwa tša Ka lapeng mo batho kamoka ba go fapana ba boledisanang Gona Ka tša dipolotiki le moo batho ba bangwe ba ithutang gona.
After graduating, First worked as a research assistant for the Social Welfare Division of the Johannesburg City Council.
Kamorago ga marama tlou,O ile a Shuman bjale ka-research assistant go Social Welfare Division of the Johannesburg City Council.
In 1946, her position in the Communist Party was boosted significantly after a series of mine strikes during which leading members of the Party were arrested.
Ka ngwaga wa1946, boemo bja gagwe bo ile bja fetoloa go Communist Party kamorago ga dikampeini tša maining kamorago gwa goswarwa gwa ba etapele ba Communist Party.
First then became the editor-in-chief of the radical newspaper The Guardian, which was subsequently banned by the state.[1] Through investigative journalism, First exposed the racial segregation policies known as apartheid, targeting black South Africans following the rise of the National Party in 1948.[2] In 1949 she married Joe Slovo, a South African anti-apartheid activist and Communist, with whom she had three daughters, Shawn, Gillian and Robyn.
Ofelwe maemo agodimo bjale ka moetapili wa bangwadi go The Guardian, e ibile ya tsalwa kamorago ga nako nyana.[1] Yeo ebe eta bohlatse ba kafase BA SACP Le African National Congress (ANC) . Joe slovo , motho wa mathomo wa go nyaka Joe slovo loyara le mosomedi wa Ditaba .Ge gontse go eya 1950s motse wa bona ebe ele lefelo le bohlokwa Leo BA gahlanang Gona .BA be Nana le barwedi BA bararo :Shawn (yoo a be a tswanentse go ntšha filimi Ka mmangwe Yeo e bitswang world apart Ka seisemane ) Gillian o ngwadile puku ,Yeo e bitswago go bofagana GA maadi go Ditaba tša lapa lagagwe la tša kgale le Robyn.
Together, Slovo and First became a leading force in the 1950s protest era in which the government outlawed any movements that opposed their policies.[2]
Yo abile a hlola kantlong go tswarwa ga batswadi ba bona go ile gwa dira gore ba hole boima.[2]
In addition to her work with The Guardian and its successors, the South African Congress of Democrats (COD), a white-only wing of the Congress Alliance, was founded in 1953 with support from First.[3] In 1955, she assumed the position of editor of a radical political journal called Fighting Talk.
Kokeletšo go mošomo wa gagwe le Korina ya Guardian and le Baja lefa, kopano yaSouth African Congress of Democrats (COD), ya makgowa fela, ye ebileng gona ka ngwaga wa1953 ka thušo ya First.[1] Ngwageng wa 1955, Pele ofelwe boemo bjale ka morulanganyi wa taodišophelo ya polotiki ya Fighting Talk.
First and Slovo were also members of the African National Congress, in addition to the Communist Party. She also played an active role during the extensive riots of the 1950s.[2]
First le Slovo ebile ele maloka a-African National Congress, goši le Communist Party..O ile a bapala temana ebohlokwa kanako ya dii khampheini tša llenaneo kuduka ngwaga wa 1950s.[2]
Treason trial and detention
Ditiragalotšweletšwa tša golwantšha mmušo le go tshwarwa.
Charlotte Makgomo (née Mannya) Maxeke (7 April 1871[1] – 16 October 1939) was a South African religious leader, social and political activist; she was the first black woman to graduate with a university degree in South Africa with a B.sc from Wilberforce University Ohio in 1903, as well as the first black African woman to graduate from an American university.[2]
Charlotte Makgomo (née Mannya) Maxeke (7 April 1871[1] – 16 October 1939) e be ele moAfrika Borwa wa go eta pele kereke, tša boithabišo le tša dipolotiki. Ebe ele mosadi wa mathomo yo moso yo a ilego a aloga dithutong tša godimo gotšwa university ka mo Afrika Borwa ka lengwalo la B.sc gotšwa Wilberforce University Ohio ka1903,ebile yena mosadi wa mathomo wa moAfrika wa Go aloga yunibesithing ya Amerika.[2]
Charlotte Makgomo (née Mannya) Maxeke was born in Fort Beaufort, Eastern Cape on 7 April 1871.
Charlotte Makgomo (née Mannya) Maxeke o belegwe Go la Fort Beaufort, Eastern Cape ka di 7 April 1871.
She was the daughter of John Kgope Mannya, the son of headman Modidima Mannya from Batlokwa people, under Chief Mamafa Ramokgopa and Anna Manci, a Xhosa woman from Fort Beaufort.[3] Mannya's father was a roads foreman and Presbyterian lay preacher, and her mother a teacher.[4] Mannya's grandfather served as a key adviser to the King of the Basutos.[3] Soon after her birth, Mannya's family moved to Fort Beaufort, where her father had gained employment at a road construction company.[3] Details about Mannya's siblings are unclear, however, she had a sister known as Katie, who was born in Fort Beaufort.[5] Mannya's date of birth is in dispute, with possible dates ranging from 1871, 1872 to 1874.
Ebe ele morwedi wa John Kgope Mannya, morwa wa moetapele Modidima Mannya wa Go tšwa Batlokwa, ka tlase ga boetapele bja Kgoši Mamafa Ramokgopa le Anna Manci, mosadi wa mo Xhosa wa Go tšwa Fort Beaufort.[1] Tatago Mannya o be ele foromane ya Go lokiša ditala ebile e le moruti wa Kereke ya Presbyterian , mme wa gagwe e be e le morutišigadi.[2] Rakgolo wa Mannya ebe e le moeletši wa kgoši ya Basotho ba leboa.[3] ka morago ga Go belegwa ga Mannya,ba leloko la gagwe ba ile ba hudugela gola Fort Beaufort,mo tatagwe a ilego a hwetša mošomo wa Go lokiša ditala Go engwe ya di construction company.[1] Ga Go tsebege gore naa Mannya o be a na le baratho ba ba kae eupša o be a na le šedi yo a bego a tsebega bjale ka Katie yo a belegwe golaFort Beaufort.[4] Ga gona bohlatse gore naa o belegwe nengMannya, Go belaelwa ekaba mengwaga y 1871, 1872l goba 1874.
The Minister of Home Affairs of South Africa, Naledi Pandor, took special interest in this detail of Charlotte Maxeke's life, however, no records were found.
Minister of Home Affairs of South Africa, Naledi Pandor, o ile a lekodišiša taba ye mabapi le ditlabakelo tša bophelo bja Charlotte. Le ge gole bjale,ga gona bohlatse bjo bo hwetšagetšego.
The date in 1871 is also often accepted as it does not conflict with the age of her younger sister Katie who was born in 1873.[6]
Letšatši kgwedi la 1871 ke lona leo le amogelegago ka ge le sa ganetšane le matswalo a moratho wa gagwe yo a belegwego 1873.[5]
At age 8, she began her primary school classes at a missionary school taught by the Reverend Isaac Williams Wauchope in Uitenhage.
Ka mengwaga ye 8, o ile a thoma dithuto tša gagwe tša tlasana sekolong sa Kereke mo a bego a dirwa ke Reverend Isaac Williams Wauchope go la Uitenhage.
She excelled in Dutch and English, mathematics and music.
O be a kgona kudu se Dutch le English, mathematics le mmušo.
She spent long hours tutoring her less skilled classmates, often with great success.
O feditše nako ye ntši kudu a ruta barutwana ka yena ge ba šalela morago, a ba tšwela mohola kudu.
Reverend Wauchope credited Mannya with much of his teaching success particularly with regard to languages.
Reverend Wauchope o file Mannya dithuto tše ntši,kudu ka tša maleme a Go fapana fapana.
Mannya's musical prowess was visible at a young age.
Mannya o bontšhi tše bokgoni bja tša mmino Go tloga esale yo monnyane.