Josef "Sepp" Gangl (born September 12, 1910 in Obertraubling, Regensburg district, died May 5, 1945 in Itter Castle, Tyrol) was a German officer, most recently a major in World War II. He took part in the defense of Itter Castle against troops of the 17th SS Panzer Grenadier Division "Götz von Berlichingen" with soldiers of the Wehrmacht and the US Army and lost his life in the process.[1]
ߗ߭ߏߛߍߝ ߛߍߔ ߜ߭߭߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ (ߡߏߦߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߁߀ ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ ߁߂ ߏߓߊߛߑߕߙߏߓߑߟߌ߲ߜ߭߸ ߙߋߜ߭ߊ߲ߓߎߙߜ߭ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߓߏߟߏ߲߸ ߞߊ߬ ߛߊ߬ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߕߟߋ߬ ߅ ߁߉߄߅ ߌߕߍߙ ߖߌ߲߬ߓߏ߲ ߘߟߊ߫߸ ߕߌߙߐߦ) ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߛߏ߬ߝߊ߬ߞߎ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߌߞߘߐ߫ ߞߐߛߊ߲ ߢߌ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߡߊߗ߭ߐߙ ߘߌ߫. ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߌߕߍߙ ߖߌ߲߬ߓߏ߲ ߡߊߞߊ߲ߞߊ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߍߛ.ߍߛ ߔߊ߲ߖ߭ߍߙ ߜ߭ߑߙߋߣߊߘߌߦߋ߫ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߁߇߲ ߜ߭ߐߕߖ߭ ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߓߍߙߑߟߌߛ߭ߌ߲ߜ߭ߍ߲߫ ߘߐ߫ ߥߍߤߑߡߊߗߕ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߵߊ߬ ߓߣߐ߬ ߘߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߢߣߊߡߦߊ ߘߐ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߴߏ߬ ߟߊߢߌߣߌ߲ ߞߊ߲߬.
He was promoted to first lieutenant in January 1942, and he received the Iron Cross 1st Class on February 12, 1942. Gangl became the commander of a Nebelwerfer Unit in the 25th Artillery Regiment on April 24, 1942. He held this position on the Eastern Front, until he was assigned as commander of the Nebelwerfer replacement and training department 7 in Höchstädt an der Donau in January 1944.
ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߟߊߘߏ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߋ߲ ߡߙߊ߬ߡߊ߬ߝߋ߲߬ߜߌߟߌ߲ ߞߙߎ ߂߅߲ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߁߉߄߁ ߥߊ߬߬ߛߌ߬ߥߙߊ ߂߂ ߡߊ߬߸ ߥߙߏ߬ߘߎ߮ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߞߙߎ ߟߎ߬ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫ ߎߞߙߍߣߌ߫ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߞߟߊߘߊ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߕߊߘߊ߮ ߘߏ߫ ߡߊߡߙߊ߬ ߦߋ߲߬ ߠߋ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߜߟߊ߬ ߥߊ߯ߘߋ߲߫ ߁߀߅ ߜߍ߬ߟߍ (obusier/howitzers) ߘߏ߫߸ ߞߌߍߝ߭ ߞߟߊߓߍ߲ ߘߐ߫. ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߡߊߢߍ߯ߙߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߣߍ߰ߝߌ߲ ߓߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲ ߛߊ߯ߘߊ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߠߊ߫ ߁߉߄߁ ߘߓߊ߬ߓߌߟߊ ߂߀ ߡߊ߬. ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߝߊߙߌ߲ ߝߟߐ ߘߌ߫ ߁߉߄߂ ߓߌ߲ߠߊߥߎߟߋ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߣߍ߰ߝߌ߲ ߓߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲ ߛߊ߯ߘߊ߫ ߝߟߐ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߫ ߁߉߄߂ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߜߍ ߁߂ ߟߊ߫. ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߣߋߓߍߟߑߥߊߝߊ߬ ߓߏߟߏ߲ ߡߍ߲ ߦߋ߫ ߜߟߍ߬ߜߊ߬ߛߌ߬ߟߊ ߓߏߟߏ߲߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߂߅ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߏ߬ ߡߙߊ߬ߓߊ߮ ߘߌ߫ ߁߉߄߂ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߘߌ߬ߓߌ ߂߄ ߡߊ߬. ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߘߊߞߎ߲ ߏ߬ ߟߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߞߟߊߘߊ ߘߐ߫߸ ߤߊ߲߯ ߊ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߣߋߓߍߟߑߥߝߊ߫ ߣߘߐ߬ߓߌߟߊ ߣߌ߫ ߡߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬߬ߠߌ߲ ߓߏߟߏ߲߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߇ ߡߙߊ߬ߓߊ߮ ߘߌ߫ ߤߐߗߛߑߕߊߘߕ ߊߣ ߘߍߙ ߘߣߏ߫ ߁߉߄߄ ߓߌ߲ߠߊߥߎߟߋ߲ ߠߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߣߊ߲߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߞߟߍߓߏߟߏ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߲߬ߕߊ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊߙߏ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߊ߰ ߞߘߐ߫ ߊ߲ߕߑߥߊߙߔ߸ ߁߉߄߄ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߜߍ ߟߊ߫. ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߗߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߥߊߝߊ߫-ߙߋߗ߭ߌߡߊ߲ߕ ߈߃߲ ߞߎߘߊ ߘߐ߫ ߁߉߄߄ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߕߟߋ߬ ߄ ߡߊ߬ ߛߍߟߌ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߥߝߊ߫-ߞߟߍ߬ߕߌ߰ߓߏߟߏ߲ (werfer-brigade 7) ߇߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߊ߯ߡߊ߫ ߞߙߎ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߕߊ߯ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߟߊ߫ ߁߉߄߄ ߠߊ߫.ߘߕ
Werfer-Brigade 7 had meanwhile lost half of its men and no longer had any nebelwerfer equipment. Their commander, General Kurt Paape, ordered the commanders of his battalions near Peißenberg to fight their way to Tyrol with them and take part in the defense of the Alpine fortress. Gangl met with Lieutenant General Georg Ritter von Hengl in mid-April, who assigned him and the remnants of his association to the Giehl combat group under Lieutenant Colonel Johann Giehl in Wörgl.
ߢߌ߲߬ߢߐ߲߮ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߣߐߙߑߡߊ߲ߘߌ߫ ߡߊߜߐ߬ߙߐ߲߬ߞߕߐ ߞߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߊ߯ߡߊ߫ ߥߍߙߑߝߍߙ-ߓߙߌߜ߭߭߭ߊߘ ߟߎ߫ ߝߍ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߕߊ߯ ߞߊ߲ߣ ߁߉߄߄ ߥߊ߬ߛߌ߬ߥߙߊ ߇ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߍߛ.ߍߛ ߔߊ߲ߖ߭ߍߙ ߓߏߟߏ߲߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߤߌߕߑߟߍߙߑߖߎ߲ߜ߭ߍ߲ߘ ߁߂߲ (ߤߌߕߑߟߍߙ ߝߏߣߌ߲ߞߋ) ߘߐ߫ ߦߋ߲߲߬ ߠߋ߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ߘߎ߮ ߞߟߊ߬ߟߊ߬ߡߊ߫߫ ߟߋ߬ ߢߊ߬ ߛߏ ߏ߬ ߡߊߞߊ߲ߞߊ߲ ߘߐ߫. ߥߊߝߍߙ-ߞߟߍ߬ߕߌ߰ߓߏߟߏ߲ ߇߲ ߘߐ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߝߘߊߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߝߊ߬߬߬ߟߍߛ ߞߙߍ߬ߝߍ߬ߟߊ ߟߊ߫ ߓߣߐ߬ ߓߟߋߓߟߋ ߘߐ߫ ߘߓߊ߬ߓߌߟߊ ߟߊ߫. ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߣߍߣߍߓߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߔߑߙߎߡ ߝ߭ߐߟߛ ߥߍߙߑߝߍߙ ߞߟߍ߬ߕߌ߰ߓߏߟߏ߲ ߇߲߲ ߘߐ߫ ߋߌߝߍ ߝߊ߲߭ߝߍ߬߬ ߖߐ߯ߙߊ߲߫ ߞߎߘߊ߫ ߟߎ߫߫ ߘߌ߫. ߛߍߔ ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߟߎ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߬ߕߌ߰ߓߏߟߏ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߊߙߑߘߍߣߍߛ ߗߍߒߞߊ߲ߠߌ߲ ߘߐ߫߫߫߸ ߞߏߟߋ߲߫ ߓߊߖߎߡߊ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߞߐߞߘߎ߬ ߁߉߄߅ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߜߍ ߟߊ߫߫ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߗߌߙߏ߲ߣߍ߲ ߞߐ߫ ߛߊ߯ߙߑߓߙߎߞߍ߲߫ ߡߊߞߊ߲ߞߊ߲ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬߬ ߡߊߢߍ߯ߙߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߛߊߣߌ߲ ߓߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲ ߠߊ߫ ߁߉߄߅ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߕߟߋ߬ ߈ ߡߊ߬. ߥߊ߯ߕߌ߫ ߞߎߣߎ߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲ ߞߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ (ߡߊߗ߭ߐߙ) ߘߌ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߍߙߑߝߍߙ ߓߏߟߏ߲߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߂߲ ߡߙߊ߬ߓߊ߰ߦߊ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߥߍߙߑߝߍߙ ߙߋߗ߭ߌߡߊ߲ ߈߃߲ ߘߐ߫. ߥߍߙߑߝߍߙ-ߞߟߍ߬߬ߕߌ߰߰߰߰߰ߓߏߟߏ߲ ߇߲ ߓߣߐ߬ ߘߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߗߍ߬ߘߋ߲ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߋߟߋ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߞߵߊ߬߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߣߋߓߍߟߑߥߝߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߬ߡߎ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߖߐ߲ߖߐ߲߫ ߕߎ߲߬߬ ߕߍ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߏ߬ ߞߐ߫. ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߡߙߊ߬ߓߊ߯ ߞߟߍ߬ߕߌ߰߰ ߞߎߙߕ ߔߊ߯ߔ ߞߊ߬ ߞߟߍ߬ߓߏߟߏ߲ ߡߙߊ߬ߓߊ߮ ߡߊߞߟߌ߫ ߔߋߌߓߍ߲ߓߍߙߜ߭ ߕߙߐߝߍ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߛߌߟߊ ߟߊߞߊ߬ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬߬ ߢߍ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߕߌߙߐߟ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊߟߑߔߌ߲߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊߘߏ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߡߊߞߊ߲ߞߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߝߍ߬. ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߓߌ߬߬ߟߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߝߊߙߌ߲߲߫ ߞߟߍߕߌ߮߮ ߖߌߐߙߖ ߙߌߕߊ߫ ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߤߍ߲ߜ߭ߟ ߝߍ߬ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߘߌ߬ߓߌ ߕߟߊߒߕߍ ߟߊ߫߫ ߣߴߏ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߙߍߞߙߍ߫ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߴߊ߬ ߘߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏߟߊߘߍ ߘߐ߫߸ ߜ߭ߌߍߟ ߞߟߍ߬ߞߍ߬ ߞߙߎ ߘߐ߫ ߘߊ߯ߕߌ߮ ߖߐߣߊ߲ߣ ߜ߭ߌߍߤߟ ߝߍ߬ ߥߐߙߑߜ߭ߟ.
Resistance in Austria
ߏߕߙߌߛ߭ ߞߟߏߜߟߍߦߊ
It was decided that the execution of Johann Giehl's order to defend Wörgl against the Americans to the end (to break bridges and block paths) should be prevented, and also to liberate the prominent French prisoners from the nearby Itter Castle. However, parts of the Giehl combat group in Niederaudorf were attacked by the 12th US Armored Division on May 3, 1945, and suffered heavy casualties. Von Hengl had his troops withdrawn from Wörgl and Itter, whereupon units of the Waffen-SS moved in.
ߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߛߊ߲߫ ߞߎߘߊ ߕߏ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߥߐߙߜ߭ߟ߸ ߞߊ߬ ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߢߐ߲߰ߡߊ ߢߌߣߌ߲߫ ߏߕߙߌߛ߭ ߕߌ߲߲߲߬߬ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߞߟߏߜߟߍߦߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߝߍ߬ ߊߟߐߥߊ߫ ߡߊߦߙ ߞߘߐ߫߫. ߊ߬ߟߋ ߞߊ߬ ߞߟߏߜߟߍߦߊ ߞߟߍ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߟߊ߬ߟߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߣߌ߫ ߞߟߍ߬ߟߊ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߡߊߛߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߘߐߞߕߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߖߐߣߊ߲ߣ ߜ߭ߊߌߍߟ ߟߊ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߙߌ ߦߋ߫ ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌߞߊ ߟߎ߬ ߡߊߞߟߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߐߙߑߜ߭ߟ ߡߊߞߊ߲߲߲߲߲ߞߊ߲߲߫ (ߞߊ߬ ߛߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߐߕߌߢߍ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߛߌߟߊ ߕߍ߰) ߞߵߏ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߢߍߞߌߢߍߟߌ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊߓߐ߫ ߥߛߎ ߟߴߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߘߊߝߍ߫ ߛߏ ߟߊ߫ ߌߕߍߙ ߖߌ߲߬ߓߏ߲ ߞߣߐ߫߫. ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߜ߭߭ߌߍߟ ߟߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߬ߞߍ߬ ߞߙߎ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬߬߬߬߬߬߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߣߌߍߙߏߘߐߝ߸ ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߥߊ߬ߜߏ߬ߡߊ߬ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ ߁߂߲ ߟߎ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߲߬ ߁߉߄߅ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߃ ߡߊ߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߐ߬ߣߐ߫ ߞߟߊ߬ߥߟߎ ߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬߬ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߫ ߏ߬ ߛߋ߲߬ߝߍ߫. ߝ߭ߐ߲߫ ߤߍ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߬ߓߏߟߏ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߡߊߛߊ߬ߡߊ߲߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߐ߫ ߥߐߙߑߜ߭ߟ ߣߴߌߕߍߙ ߟߎ߫ ߘߐ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߣߌ߫ ߥߊߝߍ߲-ߍߛ.ߍߛ ߟߎ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߘߏ߲߬ ߘߊ߫. ߏ߬ ߥߊ߯ߕߌ ߟߊ߫߸ ߥߐߙߑߜ߭ߟ ߛߌ߰ߓߊ߮ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߠߎ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߖߏ߲߬ߖߏ߲߬ ߜߍ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߓߐ߫ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߢߐߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߤߍ߲ߌߙߌߗ ߤߌߡߑߟߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߖߊ߬ߡߊߙߌ ߡߊ߬߸ ߗߍ߭ ߛߎ߯-ߎ-ߛߎ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߏ߲ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߦߋ߲߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߓߍ߯ ߕߎ߲߬ ߓߘߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߭. ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߣߌ߫ ߡߊߦߍߙ ߟߎ߫ ߞߵߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߞߊ߲ߘߊ ߦߴߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߲߬ ߛߋ߲ߛߋߘߋ߲ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߕߏ߫߫߫߫ ߦߋ߲߬߬ ߞߵߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߞߊ߲ߘߊ߫ ߛߌߟߛߊߟߌ ߡߵߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߓߟߏ߫. ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߘߊ߬ߝߊ ߡߐ߰ ߁߀ ߞߊ߬ ߓߐ߫ ߕߑߙߏߥߊ ߙߋߖߌߡߍ߲ߕ ߈߃߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߥߐߙߑߜ߭ߟ ߞߴߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߤߍ߲߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߕߎ߲߬ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߓߐ߫ ߞߏ ߟߋ߬ ߝߐ߫.
On May 4, 1945 at 11 a.m., the Czech cook Andreas Krobot travelled to Gangl, coming by bike from Itter Castle. He came asking for immediate help for the prisoners there, because an attack by the Waffen-SS on the castle was imminent. Gangl, who did not want to sacrifice his men in an "Ascension" (suicide/himmelfahrt) Command and had promised to get them through alive, was forced to drive white-flagged towards the Americans and ask for help.
߁߉߄߅ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߕߟߋ߬ ߄ ߡߊ߬ ߁߁ ߙߋ߲ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߗߍߞߌ߬ ߕߓߌߟߌߟߊ߫ ߊ߲ߘߑߙߌߛ ߞߙߏߓߐ߫ ߓߐ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߌߕߍߙ ߖߌ߲ߓߏ߲ ߞߣߐ߫ ߣߍ߰ߛߏ ߞߊ߲߲߬ ߞߊ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߜ߭߭߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߕߘߍ߬[1]. ߊ߬߬ ߣߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߘߍ߬ߡߍ߲߬ ߖߏߣߊߖߏߣߊ ߟߋ߬ ߢߌߣߌ߲߫ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬ ߦߋ߲߲߬ ߥߛߎߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߦߋ߫߸ ߓߊߏ߬߬ ߥߊߝߍ߲-ߍߛ.ߍߛ ߟߎ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߓߋ߬ߒߞߊ߬ߠߌ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߊ߬ߕߊ߲߬ߞߊ߬ߓߊߟߌ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫. ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߡߍ߲ ߕߎ߲߲߬ ߕߴߊ߬ ߝߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߗߍ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߛߘߊߞߊ ߘߌ߫ ߦߟߍ߬ߟߌ ߘߐ߫ (ߖߘߍ߬ߝߊ߰ߛߎ)߸ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߡߊ߬ߡߙߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ ߟߊ߬ߤߘߌ ߕߊ߬ ߟߴߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߢߍ߫ ߞߵߊ߬߬ ߘߌ߫ ߝߙߍ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߛߴߊ߬߬߬ߟߎ߫ ߢߣߊߡߊ ߦߴߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߐߛߊ߬ߦߌ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߟߐ߬ ߖߏ߲߬ߖߏ߲߬ ߜߍ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߴߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߓߟߏߞߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߕߊ߯ ߊߡߍߙߞߌߞߊ ߟߎ߬ ߡߊ߬ ߘߍ߬ߡߍ߲߬ ߢߌߣߌ߲ ߠߊ߫. ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߞߎߝߑߕߍ߲߫ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߡߍ߲߸ ߞߎߘߍ߫ ߈ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߴߊߡߍߙߌߞߌ߬߬ ߡߊ߬ߟߐ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ ߞߎߘߎ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߍ߬ߘߍ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߢߍߡߌߘߊ ߖߐ߲ߣ ߛߌ. ߖߊߞ ߟߌ ߟߊ߫ ߡߊ߬ߡߙߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߥߟߌ߬߬ ߘߊ߫ ߢߐ߲߮ߝߍ߬ ߊߡߋߙߌߞߌ߬ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߁߄߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߝߣߊ߫ ߣߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߜߟߍ߬ߜߊ߬ߛߌ߬ߟߊ ߗߍ߬ ߕߊ߲߫߫ ߠߎ߫. ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߞߊ߬߬߬߬ ߊߟߐߥߊ ߡߊߦߍߙ ߞߟߌ߫ ߘߍ߬ߡߍ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ ߞߏ ߘߐ߫߸ ߥߍߤߑߡߊߗ ߡߐ߰ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߝߣߊ߫ ߥߊ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߝߍ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߟߏߜߟߍߦߊ߫߫ ߞߟߍ߬ߞߍ߬ߟߊ ߝߏߣߌ߲ߞߋ߫ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߝߣߊ߸ ߤߊ߲ߛ ߥߊߟߑߕߌ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߟߊߓߏ߬ߙߌ߫ ߞߊ߬߬ ߖߌ߲߬ߓߏ߲ ߡߊߜߍ߲߫. ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߘߋ߲߬ ߠߊߕߟߊߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߘ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߘߐ߫. ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߕߟߋ߬ ߅ ߛߐ߰ߡߊ߬ߘߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߍߛ.ߍߛ ߔߊ߲ߖ߭ߍߙ ߜ߭ߙߋ߬ߣߊߘߌߦߋ ߓߏߟߏ߲߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߁߇߲ ߜ߭߭߭߭߭߭ߐߕߖ߭ ߝ߭߭ߐ߲߫ ߓߍߙߑߟߌߛ߭߭߭ߌ߲ߜ߭ߍ߲߫ ߠߎ߫ ߗߍ߬ ߁߀߀ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߁߅߀ ߡߊ߬߸ ߏ߬߬ ߟߎ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߗߍ߫ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߲߬. ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߡߊߘߐ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߛߑߣߊߌߔߍߙ ߟߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߞߊߘߊ߲߫ ߞߊ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ ߞߏߕߌ߯ ߝߟߐ߫ ߞߘߐ ߔߏߟ ߙߋߦߑߣߏߘ ߡߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߫ ߞߟߊߘߊ ߞߐߝߍ߬. ߁߆ ߕߎߡߊ ߦߋ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߡߍ߲ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߞߟߍ ߓߏߟߏ߲߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߁߄߂߲ ߠߎ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߟߊߘߊ ߘߐ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ ߟߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ ߟߎ߫ ߘߊ߬ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߍߛ.ߍߛ ߗߍ߬ ߗߍ߬ߡߍ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬.
Gangl called Alois Mayr again for help, whereupon two other Wehrmacht soldiers and the young resistance fighter Hans Waltl drove to the castle. The liberated French prisoners also took part in the fight. On the morning of May 5, about 100 to 150 men from the 17th SS Panzer Grenadier Division "Götz von Berlichingen" attacked.
[2]ߌߕߍߙ ߖߌ߲߬ߓߏ߲ ߞߟߊߓߍ߲ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߠߋ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߕߊ߫ ߞߟߊߓߍ߲߫ ߘߌ߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊߡߍߙߌߞߌ߬ ߛߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߥߍߤߑߡߊߗ ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߕߏ߲ ߕߏ߲ ߕߊ߬ ߢߐ߲߮ߝߍ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߘߐ߫.
Awards
ߡߊ߬ߢߍ߯ߙߍ ߟߎ߬
Iron Cross II Class on August 20, 1941 Iron Cross 1st Class on February 12, 1942 German cross in gold on March 8, 1945
•ߣߍ߰ߝߌ߲ ߓߊߙߊ߲ߕߏ߲ ߛߊ߯ߘߊ߫ ߂߲߸ ߘߓߊ߬ߓߌߟߊ ߂߀, ߁߉߄߁ ߠߊ߫ •ߣߍ߰ߝߌ߲߬ ߓߊߙߊ߲ߕߏ߲ ߛߊ߯ߘߊ߫ ߁߭ ߞߏ߲ߞߏߜߍ ߁߂, ߁߉߄߂ ߟߊ߫ • ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߓߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߕߏ߲ ߛߊߣߌ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߈, ߁߉߄߅ ߟߊ߫
Posthumous honors
ߛߊ߬ߦߊ ߞߐ߫ ߜߟߌ
Gangl was honored as a hero of the Austrian resistance. A street in Wörgl is named after him.[3]
ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߜߟߍ߬ߦߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߏߕߙߌߛ߭ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߞߟߏߜߟߍߦߊ ߗߍ߬ߜߊ߬ߣߊ߲߬ߦߊ ߟߊ߫. ߝߏ߲߬ߘߏ ߘߏ߫ ߕߐ߯ߟߊ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߥߐߙߑߜ߭ߟ.
Literature
ߡߟߋߞߎߦߊ
Life
ߢߣߊߡߦߊ
Stephen Harding: The Last Battle: When US and German Soldiers Joined Forces in the Waning Hours of World War II in Europe. Da Capo Press, Boston (Massachusetts) 2013.
•ߛߑߕߌߝߌ߲ ߡߊߙߑߕߍ߲߫: ߞߟߊߓߍ߲߫ ߠߊߓߊ߲: ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߟߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߟߍ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߍ߭ ߡߍ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߘߌ߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߖߊ߲߲߲߲߬߬߬ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߟߌ߬߬ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫ ߋߙߐߔߎ߬. ߘߊ ߞߊ߬ߔߏ ߔߙߍߛ߸ ߓߐߛߑߕߐ߲߲߫ (ߡߛߊߛ߭ߎߛߍߕ) ߂߀߁߃ ߟߊ߫.
ISBN 978-0-306-82209-4 Martin Eich: Er riskierte sein Leben und rettete einstige Feinde.
Martin Eich: Er riskierte sein Leben und rettete einstige Feinde.
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of May 4, 2018, p. 6, No. 193.
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of May 4, 2018, p. 6, No. 193.
External links
ߞߐߞߊ߲߫ ߛߘߌߜߋ߲
There is an Austrian website with a short biography with a photo of Gangl.
ߏߕߙߌߛߌߞߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߟߐߟߐ߫ ߞߍߦߙߐ ߘߏ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߦߋ߲߬
References
ߦߟߌߡߊߛߙߋ ߟߎ߬
Youth
ߝߏߣߌ߲ߞߋߦߊ
Josef Gangl was born in 1910 in Obertraubling, Bavaria, the son of an official of the Royal Bavarian State Railways and a former shop assistant. When he was a toddler, the family moved to Peißenberg in Upper Bavaria, where Josef's younger siblings were born.
ߖߏߛߍߝ ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߡߏߦߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߁߀ ߠߊ߫ ߏߓߊߕߑߙߏߥߑߟߌ߲ߜ߭߸ ߓߝ߭ߊߙߌߦߊ߫ ߓߝ߭ߊߙߌߦߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߟߊ ߣߍ߰ߛߌߟߊ ߛߓߍߘߟߊߡߐ ߣߌ߫ ߝߎ߲ߞߎ߲ ߜߋ߲߬ߟߎ߲߬ߓߊ߮ ߘߏ߫ ߘߋ߲. ߊ߬ߟߋ ߕߏ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߕߊ߯ߡߊ߫ ߡߊߞߊߙߊ߲ ߠߋ߬ ߞߊ߲߬߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߋ߲ߓߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߔߌߊߓߍ߲ߓߍߙߜ߭ ߓߝ߭ߊߙߌߦߊ߫ ߛߊ߲ߝߍߟߊ ߘߐ߫߸ ߖߏߛߍߝ ߘߋߣߍ߲ߕߐ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߖߌ߰ ߟߊ߫ ߞߴߊ߬ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬߬߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߠߋ߬.
Reichswehr
ߙߍߌߛ߭ߛߑߥߍߡߙ
On November 1, 1928, Gangl joined the Reichswehr, which was then limited to 100,000 men, in order to begin a career as a professional soldier in Artillery Regiment 7 in Nuremberg. He stayed there until September 1929, in order to serve in Artillery Regiment 5 in Ulm.
ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߘߏ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߙߍߌߛ߭ߛߑߥߍߤߙ ߘߐ߫ ߁߉߂߈ ߣߍߣߍߓߊ ߕߟߋ߬ ߁߭ ߡߊ߬߸ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߞߐߘߊ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߐ߰ ߁߀߀.߀߀߀ ߘߌ߫߸ ߛߴߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߓߟߏߡߊߞߊ߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߊߞߎ߲ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߫ ߛߋ߲߲߫ߠߊ߬ߞߟߍ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ ߇߲ ߘߐ߫ ߣߎߙߍ߲ߓߍߙߜ߭. ߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߦߋ߲߲߬ ߤߊ߲߯ ߁߉߂߉ ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߖߐ߲߬ߛߴߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߜߟߍ߬ߜߊ߬ߛߌ߬ߟߊ ߓߏߟߏ߲߲߫ ߅߲ ߘߐ߫ ߎߟߡ.
Wehrmacht
ߥߍߙߑߡߊߗߕ
He became part of the newly established 25th Artillery Regiment in Ludwigsburg in 1935, and married the Ludwigsburg saleswoman Walburga Renz. Together they had two children, one of which was a daughter named Sieglind (born 1936).
ߊ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߜߟߍ߬߬߬ߜߊ߬ߛߌ߬ߟߊ ߓߏߟߏ߲߲ߝߘߊ ߟߊߘߊ߲߲߲ߣߍ߲߫ ߞߎߘߊ ߛߌ߲߲߬ߝߏ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߘߌ߫ ߁߉߃߅ ߟߊ߫ ߟߎߘߑߥߌߜ߭ߛߑߓߎߙߜ߭߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߖߎ߬ߟߊ߬ ߡߛߏ ߥߊߟߑߓߎߙߑߜ߭ߊ߫ ߙߍ߲ߖ߭ ߝߘߎ߫ ߦߋ߲߬. ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߘߋ߲߫ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߫ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߛߏ߬ߡߊ߲ ߘߌ߫ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߐ߯ ߞߏ߫ ߛߌߍߜ߭ߑߟߌ߲߲߫ (ߣߴߊ߬ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߫ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߃߆ ߟߊ߫).
From October 1939 he was supposed to study at an officer school of the Wehrmacht. However, his regiment needed to be stationed in the Saar-Palatinate on the border with France, in preparations for war. There, on September 7, 1939, eleven French divisions, 25 km wide, crossed the border and advanced about 8 km into German territory.
ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜߍߟ ߡߊߦߟߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߏߓߍߙߝߍߟߘߑߥߓߍߟ ߘߐ߫ ߁߉߃߈ ߣߍߣߍߓߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߕߎ߲߲߬ ߞߊߞߊ߲߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߊ߬߬߬ߙߊ߲ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߫ ߣߊ߲߲߲߲߬߬ߕߌ߰ ߛߊ߲߲߲ߘߐߕߊ ߥߍߤߑߡߊߗߕ ߞߊ߬߬ߙߊ߲߲߲߲߬߬ߕߊ ߟߊ߫ ߁߉߃߉ ߞߏ߲ߓߌߕߌ߮ ߟߊ߫. ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ ߕߎ߲߬ ߞߊ߫ ߞߊ߲߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߡߊߞߍ߫ ߛߊ߯ߙ-ߔߟߊߕߌߣߊߕ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ ߓߐߕߏ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߞߍ߬߬ߟߍ ߓߟߏߘߐߓߍ߲ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬. ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߦߋ߲߬߸ ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߁߁ ߠߎ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߎߘߍ߫ ߂߅ ߝߏ߬ߣߊ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߐߕߏ߲ ߞߐߛߊ߬߬ߥߏ߲߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߎߘߍ߫ ߛߋ߯ߦߌ߲߫ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߫ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߘߎ߰ߞߟߏ ߘߐ߫. ߏ߬ ߞߍ߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߡߊߛߊ߬ߡߊ߲߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߢߐ߮ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߞߘߐ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߟߊ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߙߌ ߟߊ߫. ߥߊ߯ߕߌ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߜ߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߟߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߬ ߝߟߐ ߘߌ߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߜ߭߭߭߭߭ߊ߲ߜ߭ߍߟ ߞߊ߬ ߞߊߙߏ߫ ߥߐ߯ߙߐ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߲ߘߊߛߏ ߟߊ߫ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߘߊߡߌߣߊ (drôle de guerres / phoney war) ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߘߴߊ߬ ߞߐߛߊ߬ߦߌ߬ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߏߟߏ߲߲ߝߘߊ ߘߐ߫ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߁߄/߁߉߄߀ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߓߙߊߡߊߖߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߡߊߟߐ߲ߠߌ߲ ߡߙߊ߬ߓߊ߮ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߥߍߤߑߡߊߗߕ ߛߋ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߞߟߍ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߁߅߲ ߘߐ߫. ߓߙߊߡߊߖߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߞߟߍ߬ߟߊ߬ߟߐ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߟߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ߠߊ ߘߌ߫ ߜߟߍ߬ߜߊ߬ߛߌ߬ߟߊ ߣߘߐ߬ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߟߌ ߓߏߟߏ߲ߝߘߊ߫ ߂߅߲ ߘߐ߲߲߫ ߊ߬ ߓߊ߲ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫ ߥߛߎ߬ ߞߎ߬ߘߎ߲߬ߣߍ߲߬ ߠߊߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߠߊ߫ ߟߎ ߡߊ߬ ߁߉߄߀ ߘߓߊ߬ߓߌߟߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߟߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ߠߊ ߘߌ߫ ߕߏߛ ߝߊ߲ ߞߣߐ߫ ߓߏߤߍ߲ߡ ߣߌ߫ ߡߏߙߊߝ߭ߌ߫ ߟߊ߬ߞߊ߲߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߞߊߙߏ߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲߫ ߡߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߠߌ߲ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߜߟߍ߬ߜߊߛߌ ߞߊ߬߬߬߬߬߬ߙߊ߲߲߲߲߬߬ߕߊ ߟߊ߫ ߖߎߕߍߙߑߓߏߞ߸ ߁߉߄߀ ߣߍߣߍߓߊ ߂߅ ߡߊ߬.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dictionary of African Biography 2008. ↑ "Court says remains of former Burundi king can stay in Geneva". Swiss Info. 1 November 2016.
[1]
Bibliography
ߛߓߍߘߊ ߟߎ߬
Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2008). "Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge". In Gates, Louis, Jr.; Akyeampong, Emmanuel K. (eds.).
ߞߙߋߕߌߦߍ߲߸ ߗߊ߲߭ ߔߌߦߍߙ (߂߀߀߈), ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߄߲ ߓߊ߲ߜ߭ߙߌߛߊ߲ߗ߭߸ ߌ߲߬ߣ ߜ߭ߋߕߛ߸ ߟߎߥߌߛ߸ ߘߐ߰ߡߊ߲: ߊߞߑߦߍ߲ߔߐ߲ߜ߭, ߌ߬ߡߊߣߎߍߟ ߞ. (eds).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oxford: University press
External link
ߞߐߞߊ߲߫ ߛߘߌߜߋ߲ ߠߎ߬
Media related to Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge at Wikimedia Commons
ߥߞߌ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߰ ߜߘߍ: Mwambutsa IV bangiricenge, ߥߞߌߡߋߘߌߦߊ߫ ߞߐߡߐ߲ߛ ߞߊ߲߬.
Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge (6 May 1912 – 26 March 1977) was king (mwami) of Burundi who ruled between 1915 and 1966. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father Mutaga IV Mbikije (reigned 1908–15).[1] Born while Burundi was under German colonial rule, Mwambutsa's reign mostly coincided with Belgian colonial rule (1916–62). The Belgians retained the monarchs of both Rwanda and Burundi under the policy of indirect rule.[1]
ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߄߲ ߓߊ߲ߜ߭ߙߌߛߊ߲ߗ߭ (߁߉߁߂ ߘߓߊ߬ߕߊ ߆ – ߁߉߇߇ ߕߙߊߓߊ ߂߆) ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߎߙߎ߲ߘߌ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ (ߒߥߊߡߌ߫) ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߦߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߁߅ ߣߌ߫ ߁߉߆߆ ߟߎ߬ ߕߍߟߊ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ ߣߐ߬ߘߐߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߖߊ߲ߓߋ ߕߵߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ ߡߎߕߜ߭ߊ߫ ߄߲ ߒߓߞߌߖߌ߫ (ߡߊ߲߬ߛߦߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߀߈–߁߅). ߊ߬ ߡߏߦߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߓߎߙߎ߲ߘߌ߫ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߟߊ߫ ߞߐ߲ߛߐ߲ߧߊߟߌ ߡߊ߬ߙߊ ߟߋ߬ ߞߐ߬ߣߐߡߊ߬߸ ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߡߊ߬ߙߊ ߝߊ߲߬ߓߊ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߓߍߟߑߗ߭ߌߞ ߞߐ߲ߛߐ߲ߧߊߟߌ ߡߊ߬ߙߊ ߟߋ߬ ߞߣߐ߫ (߁߉߁߆ – ߆߂). ߓߍߟߑߗ߭ߞߌߞߊ ߟߎ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߙߎߥߊ߲ߘߊ߫ ߣߌ߫ ߓߎߙߎ߲ߘߌ߫ ߟߎ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߓߏ߲߬ ߞߏ ߕߴߊ߬ ߡߊ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߛߌ߲߫ ߓߊߟߌߦߊ ߡߙߊ߬ߟߌ ߟߊ߫ ߞߎ߬ߙߎ߲߬ߘߎ ߞߐ߬ߣߐߡߊ߬.
Early life and rule
ߢߣߊߡߦߊ ߞߎ߲߬ߝߟߐ ߣߌ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߦߊ
He became king, taking the regnal name Mwambutsa, on 16 December 1915 when he was still an infant following the death of his father in a family dispute.[1] Because of his age, a regency was declared. Several family members, including the Queen Mother Ririkumutima, served as regent. At the time of his coronation, Burundi was part of German East Africa but was captured by Belgium in 1916 during the East African campaign in World War I. In 1925, a full regency council was established with Belgian approval.[1] Mwambutsa became a ruler in his own right on 28 August 1929.[1]
ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߄߲ ߡߏߦߌ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߘߋ߲ ߓߊ߲ߜ߭ߙߌߛߊ߲ߗ߭ ߕߐ߮ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߁߉߁߂ ߟߊ߫. ߦߏ߫ ߓߎߙߎ߲ߘߌ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ ߕߐ߭ ߟߎ߬ ߢߊ ߡߊ߬ ߖߐ߲߫߸ ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߜ߭ߊ߲ߥߊ (ߕߎߕߑߛߌ) ߛߌߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߦߊ߬ ߕߐ߮ ߞߟߌ߫ ߘߌ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫߸ ߁߉߁߅ ߞߏߟߌ߲ߞߏߟߌ߲ ߁߆ ߡߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߵߊ߬ ߘߋߣߍ߲ߠߡߊ ߦߴߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߬ߦߊ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫ ߘߋ߲ߓߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߡߊ߬ߛߐ߬ߛߐ߬ߟߌ ߞߐ߫. ߞߵߊ߬ ߡߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߊ߬ ߛߌ߬ߞߛߊߓߌ ߝߍ߬߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߣߘߐ߬ߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߦߊ ߟߊߥߊ߲߬ߞߊ߫ ߘߌ߫. ߘߋ߲ߓߦߊ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߠߎ߫ ߓߍ߯ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߣߘߐ߬ߓߌߟߊ ߘߊ ߘߌ߫߸ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߡߛߏ ߙߌߙߌߞߡߎߕߌߡߊ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߖߊ߲ߓߋߦߊ߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߓߎߙߎ߲ߘߌ߫ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߝߊ߲߭ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߞߏ߬ߣߵߊ߬ ߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߓߍߟߑߗ߭ߌߞ ߓߟߏ߫ ߁߉߁߆ ߟߊ߫ ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߐ ߓߙߊߡߊߖߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߝߍ߬ ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ ߝߟߐߡߊ ߝߍ߬. ߁߉߂߅ ߟߊ߫߸ ߡߙߊ߬ߟߌ߬ ߘߝߊߣߍ߲ ߟߊ߬ߟߌ߰ߟߌ ߟߊߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߡߊ߬ ߓߍߟߑߗ߭ߌߞ ߟߊ߬ߘߤߊ߬ߟߌ ߟߋ߬ ߞߐ߬ߣߐߡߊ߬. ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ ߘߴߊ߬ ߖߘߍ߬ߞߊ߬ߣߌ߲߬ ߤߊߞߍ ߘߊߞߘߐ߫ ߁߉߂߉ ߘߓߊ߬ߓߌߟߊ ߂߈ ߠߋ߬ ߡߊ߬.
Post-independence rule and exile
ߘߍ߲߲ߒߖߘߍߟߦߊ ߕߎ߬ߡߊ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߦߊ ߣߌ߫ ߢߊߣߌ߲ߡߊߓߏߙߌ
He attempted to balance ethnic tensions between ethnic Hutu and Tutsi subjects by choosing his Prime Ministers from each ethnic group alternately.[1] In October 1965, Hutu officers attempted a coup d'état against the monarchy. Despite their failure to take power, Mwambutsa fled into exile in the Republic of the Congo, eventually moving to Switzerland. In March 1966 he designated his only surviving son to exercise his powers in the country.
ߓߎߙߎ߲ߘߌ߫ ߘߍ߲ߖߘߍߟߦߊ ߝߍ߬ ߁߉߆߂ ߞߊ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߐ ߟߊ߫߸ ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߄߲ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߓߎߙߎ߲ߘߌ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߘߌ߫ ߞߏ߬ߣߵߊ߬ ߕߎ߲߬ ߞߊߖߊ߲߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߓߘߍ߬ߓߘߍ߬ߟߌ߬ ߝߊ߲ߞߊ ߞߘߐ߫. ߓߊߏ߬ ߙߎߥߊ߲ߘߊ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߓߏ߲ ߕߎ߲߬ ߓߘߊ߫ ߟߊߓߋ߬ ߁߉߅߉–߆߂ ߟߎ߬ ߕߍ߫. ߓߊߏ߬ ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߞߊߘߊ߲ ߞߊ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ ߛߌߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߐ߫ ߢߐ߲߯ ߞߐ ߡߊ߲߬ߕߊ߰ߦߊ߫ ߤߕߎ ߟߎ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߕߎߕߑߛߌ ߟߎ߬ ߕߍ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߓߍ߯ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߏߕߌ߯ ߝߟߐ ߛߎߥߊ߲ߘߌ߫ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߛߌߦߊ ߟߎ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ ߓߟߏߡߊ߬. ߤߕߎ ߛߏ߬ߝߊ߬ߞߎ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߊߘߊ߲߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ ߖߊߛߏ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߓߏ߲ ߠߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߗߌߙߏ߲ߠߌ߲ ߣߴߊ߬ ߕߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߛߋ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߟߊߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߠߊ߫߸ ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߜߊ߲߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߞߏ߲߬ߜ߭ߏ߫ ߞߊ߲ߓߍ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߣߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߓߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߛߑߥߌߛ. ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߘߋ߲ߞߍ߫ ߓߊߟߏߣߍ߲߫ ߞߋߟߋ߲ ߛߎߥߊ߲ߘߌ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߖߡߊ߬ߣߊ ߞߣߐ߫.ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߢߊߣߌ߲ߡߊߓߏߙߌ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߘߐ߫ ߞߐߞߊ߲߬߸ ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ ߖߊ߬ߛߏ߲߬ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߘߋ߲ߞߍ߫ ߟߊߣߊ߬ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߟߊ߫ ߒߕߊߙߋ߫ ߅߲ ߕߐ߮ ߘߌ߫ ߁߉߆߆ ߞߊ߬ߙߌ߬ߝߐ ߕߟߋ߬ ߈ ߡߊ߬. ߡߊ߲߬ߛߊ߬ߓߏ߲ ߠߊߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ߣߍ߲ ߓߍ߯ ߘߊߓߌ߬ߟߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߢߐ߲߯ߝߍ߬ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ ߖߊ߬ߛߏ߲߬ ߛߓߊߣߊ߲ ߝߍ߬ ߁߉߆߆ ߣߍߣߍߓߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߴߊ߬ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߌ߯ ߡߌߛ߭ߍߟ ߡߌߞߐ߲ߓߋߙߏ߫ ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߝߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߲ߕߌ߮ ߘߌ߫. ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߢߣߊߡߦߊ ߕߐ߬ ߕߏߣߍ߲ ߞߍ߫ ߛߑߥߌߛ ߟߋ߬߸ ߡߍ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߣߴߊ߬ ߛߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߇߇ ߟߊ߫.
Mwambutsa IV and David Ben-Gurion in 1962 Modern-day view of the ceremonially planted tree (ikigabiro) from the coronation of Mwambutsa IV
ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߄߲ ߣߌ߫ ߘߊ߬ߝ߭ߌߘ ߓߍߣ-ߜ߭ߎߙߌߦߐ߲߫߸ ߁߉߆߂ ߟߊ߫ ߦߙߌ ߕߘߎߣߍ߲ (ߌߞߌߜ߭ߊߓߌߙߏ߫) ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߖߊ߲ߓߋߦߊ߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫
Exhumation
ߞߊߓߙߎ߫ ߥߎ߯ߙߌ
Mwambutsa's remains were exhumed from their burial site in Switzerland in 2012 with a view to repatriating them to Burundi for a state funeral. After a legal battle, however, the remains were re-interred in Switzerland in 2016 in accordance with his family's wishes.[2]
ߒߥߊ߲ߓߎߕߑߛߊ߫ ߟߊߓߐ ߞߐ ߘߴߊ߬ ߛߊ߬ߙߌ ߞߣߐ߫ ߛߑߥߌߛ ߞߊߓߙߎߟߏ ߘߐ߫ ߂߀߁߂ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߟߊߣߊ߬ ߞߊ߲ ߡߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ߛߏ ߞߣߐ߫ ߓߎߙߎ߲ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ ߟߊ߫ ߓߊߘߍ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬. ߝߐߢߐ߲߯ߞߐ ߘߏ߫ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߝߎ߬ߙߋ ߓߙߌ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߛߑߥߌߛ ߕߎ߲߯ߣߌ߲߫ ߂߀߁߆ ߟߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߋ߲ߓߦߊ ߟߊ߫ ߘߌ߬ߢߍ ߟߊ߫.
His wife Jean Clarke divorced him in the 1980s, because she couldn't deal with the fact that he had never confided in her. For a while he returned to Germany, as his sister lived in Hamburg, but he saw no future for himself in Germany, so he returned to Colorado after several months.
ߊ߬ ߡߛߏ߬ ߖߌߣ ߞߑߟߊߙߞ ߞߵߊ߬ ߝߘߎ ߛߵߊ߬ ߡߊ߬ ߁߉߈߀ ߠߋ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߏ߫ ߓߊߏ߬ ߊ߬ ߡߊ߫ ߟߴߊ߬ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߊ߲߬ߕߍ߰ߟߌ ߞߴߊ߬ ߦߋ߫. ߏ߬ ߞߏߛߐ߲߬ ߛߊ߫߸ ߜ߭ߍߙߕߑߣߍߙ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߐߛߊ߬ߦߌ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊ߬ ߡߊ߬ߡߛߏ ߦߋ߫ ߤߊ߲ߓߎߙߜ߭߸ ߓߊߏ߬ ߊ߬ ߡߊ߫ ߖߌ߰ߡߊ߬ߝߊ߫ ߛߌ߫ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߫ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߛߌߣߌ߲߫ ߢߍߛߌ߮ ߟߊ߫ ߦߋ߲߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߐ߬ ߊ߬ ߞߐߛߊ߬ߦߌ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߞߟߏߙߊߘߏ߫ ߞߊߙߏ߫ ߘߊ߲ߘߐ߫ ߟߊߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲ ߞߐ ߘߴߊ߬ ߓߟߏ߫ ߦߋ߲߬.
Gärtner died in Loveland, Colorado in 2013.
ߜ߭ߍߙߕߑߣߍߙ ߛߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߟߐߝ߭ߑߟߊ߲ߘ ߟߋ߬߸ ߞߟߏߙߊߘߏ߫, ߂߀߁߃ ߟߊ߫.
External links
ߞߐߞߊ߲߫ ߛߘߌߜߋ߲ ߠߎ߬
Georg Gärtner (German pronunciation: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈɡɛʁtnɐ]; December 18, 1920 – January 30, 2013) was a German soldier who served during World War II and who was captured and held as a prisoner of war by the United States. He escaped from a prisoner of war camp, took on a new identity as Dennis F. Whiles, and was never recaptured. He revealed his true identity some 40 years later.
ߜ߭ߋߐߙߜ߭ ߜ߭ߍߙߕߑߣߍߙ (ߞߏߟߌ߲ߞߏߟߌ߲ ߁߈, ߁߉߂߀ – ߓߌ߲ߠߊߥߎߟߋ߲ ߃߀, ߂߀߁߃) ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߮ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߖߊ߯ߓߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߫ ߝߌߟߊߣߊ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߣߴߊ߬ ߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߓߟߏ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߘߋ߲ ߘߌ߫. ߊ߬ ߔߘߏ߬ߞߟߏ߬ߡߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߊ߮ ߞߣߐ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ ߡߊ߬ߟߐ߲߬ ߕߐ߰ ߜߘߍ߫ ߕߊ߬ ߞߏ߫ ߘߌߣߊߌߛ ߝ. ߥߊߌߟߍߟ߸ ߊ߬ ߘߏ߲߬ ߡߊ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ ߟߴߏ߬ ߞߐ߫ ߡߎ߰ߡߍ߫. ߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߡߊߟߐ߲ߠߌ߲ ߢߊ߫ ߓߘߍ ߏ߬ ߝߊߙߊ߲ߛߊ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ ߄߀ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߫ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲ ߞߐ߫[1].
Biography
ߞߊ߲߬ߛߓߍߟߌ
Gärtner was from Schweidnitz, Lower Silesia (now Świdnica, Poland). He enlisted in the Wehrmacht in 1940 at age 19, and fought in the North African Campaign with the Afrika Korps. He was captured by Allied troops in Tunis in 1943 and was taken to the United States as a prisoner of war.
ߜ߭ߍߙߕߑߣߍߙ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߓߐ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߛߑߥߋߌߘߑߣߌߕߖ߭ ߟߋ߬߸ ߛߌߟߋߛߌߦߊ߫ ߘߎ߰ߟߊ ߘߐ߫ (ߊ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߞߟߌ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߕߊ߲߬ ߞߏ߫ ߛߑߥߌߘߑߣߌߞߊ߫߸ ߔߐߟߐ߲ߢ). ߊ߬ ߟߊߘߏ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߥߍߤߑߡߊߗ ߘߐ߫ ߁߉߄߀ ߠߊ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߛߌ߭ ߕߏ߫ ߛߊ߲߬ ߁߉ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߴߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮ ߓߙߊߡߊߖߊ߲ߓߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߊߝߙߌߞߊ ߞߐߙߔ ߟߎ߫ ߝߍ߬. ߊ߬ ߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߢߌ߲߬ߢߐ߲߮ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߟߍ߬ߓߏߟߏ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߓߟߏ߫ ߕߎߣߛߌ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߁߉߄߃ ߟߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߍ ߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߥߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߊ߫ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߘߋ߲ ߘߌ߫.
At the end of the war, Gärtner was terrified at the thought of being repatriated to his hometown, which was at the time occupied by the Soviet Union, and decided to escape. Several weeks after the war's end, he escaped from his prison camp in Deming, New Mexico, on September 22, 1945. After crawling under two gates, he jumped aboard a passing freight train whose schedule he had calculated.
ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߓߊ߲߫ ߕߎߡߊ ߟߊ߫߸ ߜ߭ߍߙߕߑߣߍߙ ߖߌ߱ߕߍ߰ ߘߴߊ߬ ߞߐߛߊߦߌ߫ ߞߏ ߟߴߊ߬ ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߫߸ ߓߊߏ߬ ߊ߬ ߕߎ߲߬ ߓߘߴߊ߬ ߡߍ߲߫ ߞߏ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߠߎ߫ ߡߙߊ߬ߣߍ߲߫ ߦߋ߫ ߛߏߝߌߦߋ ߘߍ߭ ߟߋ߬ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߘߐߞߕߌ߫ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߘߐ߫ ߛߊ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߔߊ߬ߘߊ߲߬ߞߌ߫. ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߓߊ߲ ߞߎ߲߬ߢߐ߰ ߘߊߡߊ߲ߘߊߡߊ߲ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߔߏ߬ߘߏ߲߬ߞߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߐ߫ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߘߋ߲߬ ߘߊ߮ ߞߣߐ߫ ߘߍߡߌ߲ߜ߭߸ ߡߍߞߛߌߞߏ߫ ߞߎߘߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߕߎߟߊߝߌ߲ ߂߂ ߟߋ߬ ߡߊ߬ ߁߉߄߅ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߓߊ߲ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫ ߓߊ߬ߟߊ߲߫ (Barrage) ߡߟߊ ߞߐ ߘߴߊ߬ ߓߟߏ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߖߎߙߊ߲߫ ߡߊ߬ߘߏ߬ߣߌ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ ߛߌߛߌ߫ ߞߎߟߎ߲ ߘߏ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߕߍ ߡߵߊ߬ ߕߎ߲߬ ߓߘߴߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߠߊߞߙߐ߬ߛߌ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߖߊ߬ߕߋ߬ߘߐ߬ߛߌ߮ ߞߍ߫ ߖߐ߲߫. ߒ߬ߓߊ߬ ߛߌ߬ߛߌ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߊ߬ ߛߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߴߊ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ߟߑߝߐ߯ߣߌ߬ߦߊ߫.
Gärtner moved between various towns on the US West Coast, working as a lumberjack, dishwasher, or laborer. Having studied English as an officer candidate, he perfected his command of the language, created a new identity as Dennis F. Whiles, obtained a Social Security card in that name, and invented a biography in which he had been raised in an orphanage after his parents had been killed in a traffic accident. He eventually settled in Norden, California, where he worked as a ski instructor in the winter and in construction and sales jobs during the summer.
ߜ߭ߋߐߙߜ߭ ߕߊ߯ߡߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߕߟߋ߬ߓߋ ߞߐ߰ߖߌ߬ߘߊ ߛߏ߫ ߛߌߦߊߡߊ߲߫ ߠߎ߫ ߠߋ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߢߐ߲߯ ߕߍ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߦߙߌߕߍ߯ ߘߊߞߎ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߝߍ߫ ߘߐߞߏߟߊ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߓߟߏߟߊߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߘߊߞߎ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߐ߫. ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߊ߲߬ߜ߭ߌ߬ߟߋ߬ߞߊ߲ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ ߛߓߍߘߊ ߡߊ߬ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߟߊ ߘߏ߫ ߝߍ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߞߊ߲ ߟߐ߲ߠߌ߲ ߓߊߓߋ߬߸ ߞߊ߬ ߡߊ߬ߟߐ߲߬ ߛߓߍ߫ ߞߎߘߊ߫ ߟߊߘߊ߲߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߐ߯ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߫ ߏ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߞߍ߫ ߘߌߣߊߌߛ ߍߝ. ߥߊߌߟߍߛ߸ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߘߍ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ ߟߊ߲߬ߞߊ߲߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߫ ߛߓߍ ߛߐ߬ߘߐ߲߬ ߕߐ߮ ߏ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߖߍ߬ߘߍ ߞߊ߲߬ߛߓߍ߬ߟߌ߫ ߞߎߘߊ߫ ߟߊߘߊ߲߫ ߏ߬ ߘߐ߫ ߞߴߊ߬ߟߋ ߝߊ߬ ߟߋ߬ ߛߊ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߛߌߟߓߊ߫ ߞߊ߲߫ ߓߌߟߊ߲ߘߐ ߘߏ߫ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߴߊ߬ߟߋ ߝߊߙߌߕߊߣߍ߲ߠߡߊ ߕߊ߬ ߘߴߏ߬ ߟߋ ߘߐ߫ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊߘߊ߬ߙߏ߫. ߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߡߊߞߍ߫ ߣߐߙߑߘߍ߲߫߸ ߞߊ߬ߟߑߝߐ߯ߣߌ߬ߦߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߠߋ߬ ߛߊ߫ ߣߍߣߍߞߊ߲߫ ߕߏߙߏ߲ߘߏ (ߛߑߞߌ «SKI») ߟߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߠߌ߲߬ߠߊ ߘߌ߫ ߕߟߋ߬ߡߊ ߘߐ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߟߐ߬ߟߌ ߣߌ߫ ߖߊ߬ߥߏ߬ߘߊ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊ߬ߡߊ ߘߐ߫. ߘߎߢߊ߫ ߝߏߣߌ߲ߞߋ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߛߌ߲߬ߝߏ߲߬ߧߊ߬ߟߌ (YMCA) ߟߊ߫ ߘߐ߲߭ ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߛߋ߲߭ߝߍ߬ ߛߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߖߌߋߣ ߞߑߟߊߙߞ ߞߵߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߢߐ߲߮ ߦߋ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߍ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ߬ߓߊ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߝߘߎ ߛߘߌ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߆߄ ߠߊ߫. ߏ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߛߏ߬ ߜߐ (ߗߍ߬ߛߊ߬ߡߛߏ) ߘߏ߫ ߟߋ߬ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߏ߬ ߗߍ߬ ߞߘߐ ߘߋ߲ ߝߌ߬ߟߊ ߞߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߕߊ߬ߘߋ߲ ߘߌ߫.
Meanwhile, FBI wanted posters for him were in most post offices. For 40 years Gärtner was listed as one of the FBI's most wanted persons. However, since the authorities correctly surmised his reason for escaping, to avoid repatriation rather than a violent goal such as seeking revenge for Germany's defeat, he was not designated "Dangerous," which would have resulted in a more intense manhunt.[2]
ߊ߬ ߕߟߊ ߞߐ ߘߐ߫߸ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߛߏ߬ߙߌ߬ߡߊ߬ߘߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߝߟߍ ߟߊߥߟߌ߬ ߊ߬ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬߸ ߏ߬ ߟߊߟߐ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߁߉߆߃ ߟߋ߬ ߟߊ߫. ߍߝ.ߓߌ߫.ߊߌ (FBI) ߞߊ߬ ߝߟߊߡߊ ߘߏ߫ ߟߊߥߊ߲߬ߞߊ߫ ߜ߭ߍߙߕߑߣߍߙ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ ߟߊ߫ ߁߉߄߇ ߟߊ߫. ߡߍ߲ ߝߘߊ߫ ߘߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߖߘߍ߬ߝߐ ߟߊ߫߸ ߞߏ߫ ߊ߬ߟߋ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߊ߫ ߣߍߣߍߞߊ߲߫ ߕߏߙߏ߲ߘߏߟߊ߫ ߞߋߟߦߊߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߛߘߍ ߘߐ߫ ߛߊ߲ߝߊߙߊ߲ߛߌߛߑߞߏ߫ ߛߏ ߞߣߐ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߗߋ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߡߐ߰ ߡߊ߬ߞߊ߬ߘߊ߲߬ ߞߊ߲ ߡߊ߬ ߛߌ߬ߛߌ߬ߞߎߟߎ߲ ߞߣߐ߫ ߛߍ߯ߙߊ ߣߋߝߘߊ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߣߍߣߍߛߌ߲ߓߌ ߓߘߊ߫ ߥߎ߬ߦߊ߬ ߊ߬ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߫ ߁߉߅߂ ߓߌ߲ߠߊߥߎߟߋ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߣߐ߬ߞߟߊߡߊ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߣߌ߫ ߟߊߌߝ ߝߐ߰ߓߍ߬ߝߐ߯ߓߍ ߞߵߊ߬ ߣߌ߫ ߞߙߎ ߏ߬ ߟߎ߫ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߓߍ ߕߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߜߎ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߍߝ.ߓߌ.ߊߌ (FBI) ߟߊ߫ ߡߐ߱ ߘߐ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߢߌߣߌ߲ߕߊ ߘߌ߫. ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߞߐ߫ ߛߊ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߮ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߏ߬ߙߌ ߏ߬ ߞߏ ߡߊߝߊ߰߸ ߞߴߊ߬ ߣߵߊ߬ ߟߊߥߟߌ߬ ߟߴߊ߬ ߟߊߞߐߛߊߦߌ߲ߞߏ ߟߋ߬ ߡߊߕߊ߲߬ߞߊ ߡߊ߬߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߓߐ߫ ߘߏ߲߰ߠߌ߲ ߓߌ߲߬ߓߊߏ ߘߊߞߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߊߟߏߡߊ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߓߐ߬ߣߐ ߕߊߖߟߎߛߙߊ ߞߍ߫߸ ߏ߬ ߞߍ ߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ ߓߐ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߡߊ߬ߛߌߟߊ߲ ߘߐ߫߸ ߓߊߏ߬ ߏ߬ ߟߋ ߕߘߍ߬ ߘߌ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߞߍ߫ ߟߊ߫ ߛߊߓߎ߫ ߘߌ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߝߟߍ߫ ߘߊ߲߬ߠߊߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߊߥߟߌ߬ ߟߴߊ߬ ߞߊ߲ߡߊ߬.
He contacted history professor Arnold Krammer, a well-known authority on the history of the 371,000 German POWs held in the United States during World War II. Together they published Hitler's Last Soldier in America (1985).[3] He also appeared on the Today Show, where he "surrendered" to Bryant Gumbel. He effectively became the last World War II German prisoner of war in America.[4]
ߜ߭ߍߙߕߑߣߍߙ ߓߐ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߝߣߊ߫ ߘߐ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߓߐߟߑߘߊ߬߸ ߞߟߏߙߊߘߏ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߦߋ߲߬ ߠߋ߬ ߛߊ߫ ߟߐ߬ߟߌ ߓߛߌ߬ߓߊ߮ ߣߌ߫ ߓߏ߲߫ ߟߐ߬ߟߌ ߞߏߟߊ߲ߞߘߐߢߐ߲߮ ߘߌ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߛߍ߰ ߕߎߡߊ ߛߘߎ߬ߧߊ߬ߣߍ߲߸ ߊ߬ ߦߟߍ߬ߡߊ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߤߊ߯ߥߊߌ߬. ߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߢߣߊߡߦߊ߫ ߡߝߊߣߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߘߊߡߌ߬ߣߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߡߏ߬ߛߏ ߟߊ߫ ߞߣߐߜߊ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ ߘߊ߫ ߘߐ߲߰ߘߐ߰ߣߍ߲߬ ߡߞߊ߬ߝߏ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߊ߬ ߞߣߐߘߐߜߏߦߊ ߣߴߊ߬ ߓߊ߲߭ ߠߎ߬ ߞߏߛߐ߲߬ ߘߊߘߐߖߊߥߏ ߡߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߏ߫ ߞߍߣߍ߲߫ ߞߘߐ ߞߊ߲߬߸ ߊ߬ ߡߴߊ߬ ߛߐ߲߬ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߢߊߝߐ߫ ߞߏ ߡߴߊ߬ߟߋ߬ ߢߍ߫. ߁߉߈߄ ߠߊ߫߸ ߞߵߊ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߏ߬ ߓߘߴߊ߬ ߘߐߞߕߌ߫ ߞߴߊ߬ ߦߴߊ߬ ߡߊߕߊ߯ ߟߴߊ߬ ߟߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ ߞߵߊ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߕߊ߬ߡߌ߲߬ߣߍ߲ ߘߊ߲߬ߕߍ߰ߟߌ ߞߴߏ߬ ߢߍ߫. ߞߊ߬ ߓߍ߲߬ ߏ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߞߟߊߓߎߘߏ߲ߠߌ߲ ߡߊ߬߸ ߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߖߊ߬ߡߊ ߢߊߞߘߐ߫ ߏ߬ ߛߊ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߞߊ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߛߋ߫ ߘߐ߬ߝߐ ߞߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߝߊ ߊߙߑߣߐߟߘ ߞߑߙߊߡߊ߬ ߝߍ߬߸ ߏ߬ ߡߍ߲ ߕߘߍ߬ ߦߋ߫ ߡߐ߰ ߘߌ߫ ߞߎ߲߬ߠߊ߬ߛߌ߮ ߘߐ߫ ߡߍ߲ ߕߎ߲߬ ߞߊ߬ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߘߋ߲߫ ߃߇߁ ߀߀߀ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߕߊ߯ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߕߘߍ߬ ߞߵߏ߬ ߟߎ߬ ߟߊ߫ ߘߐ߬ߝߐ ߟߐ߲߫ ߓߍ߯ ߘߌ߫. ߊ߬ߟߎ߬ ߓߊ߯ߙߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߢߐ߲߯ߝߍ߬ ߞߊ߬ ߤߌߕߑߟߍߙ ߟߊ߫ ߣߊ߲߬ߕߌ߰ ߟߊ߬ߓߊ߲ ߡߍ߲ ߠߎ߬ ߕߏ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߞߊ߬ߝߏ߫ ߘߍ߬ߣߍ߲ ߠߊ߫߸ ߊ߬ߟߎ߫ ߞߵߏ߬ ߛߓߍ߫ ߁߉߈߅ ߟߊ߫. ߊ߬ ߖߍ߬ߘߍߝߊ߲߭ ߠߊߓߐ߫ ߕߏ߬ߘߋߦ ߛ߭ߏߥ ߖߌ߬ߦߊ߬ߝߟߍ ߘߐ߫߸ ߡߍ߲ ߘߐ߫ ߣߴߊ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߓߐ߫ ߓߑߙߊߊ߲ߕ ߜ߭ߐ߲ߓߍߟ ߡߊ߬. ߊ߬ߟߋ ߟߋ߬ ߥߊ߫ ߘߊ߫ ߟߊߓߊ߲߫ ߞߍ ߡߊ߬ ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ ߞߍ߬ߟߍ ߡߌ߬ߘߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߘߋ߲߫ ߠߊ߬ߓߊ߲ ߘߴߊߡߍߙߌߞߌ߬.