Echosmith Echosmith as a trio in 2017 Background information Origin Chino, California, US Genres Rock[1] indie pop[2] Years active 2009–present Labels Warner Bros.,Because Associated acts Linkin Park Website echosmith.com Members Sydney Sierota Noah Sierota Graham Sierota Past members Jamie Sierota
Echosmith Echosmith as a trio in 2017 Latar belakang Berasal dari Chino, California, US Genre Rock[1] indie pop[2] Tahun aktif 2009–present Syarikat rakaman Warner Bros.,Because Kegiatan berkaitan Linkin Park Laman sesawang echosmith.com Ahli Sydney Sierota Noah Sierota Graham Sierota Bekas ahli Jamie Sierota
Foreign relations
Hubungan luar
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, along with China, Cuba, and Laos, is one of the world's four remaining one-party socialist states officially espousing communism.
Republik Sosialis Vietnam, bersama-sama dengan China, Cuba, dan Laos, adalah salah satu daripada empat buah negara sosialis satu parti yang mendukung komunisme secara rasmi.
Its current state constitution, 2013 Constitution, asserts the central role of the Communist Party of Vietnam in all organs of politics and society.
Perlembagaan negara semasa iaitu Perlembagaan 2013 menegaskan peranan pusat Parti Komunis Vietnam dalam semua organ politik dan masyarakat.
The General Secretary of the Communist Party performs numerous key administrative functions, controlling the party's national organization.
Setiausaha Agung Parti Komunis melakukan banyak fungsi utama pentadbiran dalam mengawal organisasi nasional parti.
President performs executive functions and state appointments, as well as setting policy.
Presiden menjalankan tugas-tugas eksekutif dan pelantikan negeri, serta menggubal dasar.
Only political organizations affiliated with or endorsed by the Communist Party are permitted to contest elections in Vietnam.
Hanya organisasi politik yang menjadi sekutu atau sokongan Parti Komunis dibenarkan untuk menyertai pilihan raya di Vietnam.
These include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and worker and trade unionist parties.
Ini termasuk Barisan Tanah Air Vietnam dan parti-parti pekerja dan kesatuan sekerja.
Although the state remains officially committed to socialism as its defining creed, its economic policies have grown increasingly capitalist,[81] with The Economist characterizing its leadership as "ardently capitalist communists".[82]
Walaupun negara masih komited mendukung sosialisme sebagai fahaman asasnya, namun dasar ekonominya makin hari makin kapitalis,[81] malah majalah The Economist memerikan kepimpinan Vietnam sebagai "komunis yang kapitalis".[82]
The Supreme People's Court of Vietnam, headed by a Chief Justice, is the country's highest court of appeal, though it is also answerable to the National Assembly.
Mahkamah Rakyat Agung Vietnam yang diketuai oleh seorang Ketua Hakim merupakan mahkamah rayuan tertinggi negara, namun ia juga bertanggungjawab kepada Dewan Undangan Negara Vietnam.
Beneath the Supreme People's Court stand the provincial municipal courts and numerous local courts.
Di bawah Mahkamah Rakyat Agung terdapat mahkamah-mahkamah wilayah dan banyak mahkamah tempatan.
Military courts possess special jurisdiction in matters of national security.
Mahkamah tentera mempunyai bidang kuasa khas dalam hal-hal keselamatan negara.
Vietnam maintains the death penalty for numerous offences; as of February 2014, there are around 700 inmates on death row in Vietnam.[84]
Vietnam mengekalkan hukuman mati bagi banyak kesalahan; setakat Februari 2014, ada sekitar 700 orang banduan yang menunggu hukuman mati di Vietnam.[84]
Throughout its history, Vietnam's key foreign relationship has been with its largest neighbour and one-time imperial master, China.
Sepanjang sejarahnya, hubungan luar utama Vietnam adalah bersama jiran terbesar dan bekas penjajah, China.
Vietnam's sovereign principles and insistence on cultural independence have been laid down in numerous documents over the centuries, such as the 11th-century patriotic poem Nam quốc sơn hà and the 1428 proclamation of independence Bình Ngô đại cáo.
Prinsip-prinsip kedaulatan Vietnam dan desakannya ke atas kemerdekaan budaya telah diterapkan dalam berbilang dokumen selama berabad-abad, seperti puisi patriotik abad ke-11, Nam quốc sơn hà (Gunung sungai negara selatan), dan perisytiharan kemerdekaan Bình Ngô đại cáo pada 1428.
Though China and Vietnam are now formally at peace, significant territorial tensions in the South China Sea remain between the two countries.[85]
Walaupun China dan Vietnam sekarang damai, namun masih berlaku pertikaian wilayah yang berat antara kedua-dua pihak di Laut Cina Selatan.[85]
The Vietnam People's Armed Forces consists of the Vietnam People's Army, the Vietnam People's Public Security and the Vietnam Civil Defense Force.
Angkatan Bersenjata Rakyat Vietnam terdiri daripada Tentera Rakyat Vietnam, Keselamatan Awam Rakyat Vietnam dan Angkatan Pertahanan Awam Vietnam.
The Vietnam People's Army (VPA) is the official name for the active military services of Vietnam, and is subdivided into the Vietnam People's Ground Forces, the Vietnam People's Navy, the Vietnam People's Air Force, the Vietnam Border Defense Force and the Vietnam Coast Guard.
Tentera Rakyat Vietnam adalah nama rasmi bagi bala tentera aktif Vietnam, terdiri daripada Tentera Darat Rakyat Vietnam, Tentera Laut Rakyat Vietnam, Tentera Udara Rakyat Vietnam, Angkatan Pertahanan Sempadan Vietnam dan Pengawal Pantai Vietnam.
The VPA has an active manpower of around 450,000, but its total strength, including paramilitary forces, may be as high as 5,000,000.[91] In 2011, Vietnam's military expenditure totalled approximately US$2.48 billion, equivalent to around 2.5% of its 2010 GDP.[92]
Tentera Rakyat Vietnam mempunyai tenaga kerja aktif sekitar 450,000 orang, tetapi jumlah kekuatannya, termasuk angkatan paramilitari, mungkin setinggi 5,000,000 orang.[91] Pada 2011, perbelanjaan ketenteraan Vietnam berjumlah kira-kira AS$2.48 bilion, bersamaan dengan sekitar 2.5% dari KDNK tahun 2010.[92]
Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War.
Ekoran pendudukan Jepun pada tahun 1940-an, Vietnam menentang pemerintahan Perancis dalam Perang Indochina Pertama.
On 2 September 1945 President Hồ Chí Minh declared Vietnam's independence from France under the new name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Pada 2 September 1945 Presiden Ho Chi Minh mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan Vietnam dari Perancis di bawah nama baru Republik Demokratik Vietnam.
In 1954, the Vietnamese declared victory in Dien Bien Phu which took place between March and May 1954 and culminated in a major French defeat.
Pada tahun 1954, Vietnam mengisytiharkan kemenangan di Peristiwa Dien Bien Phu yang berlaku dari Mac hingga Mei 1954 dan berakhir dengan kekalahan besar Perancis.
Thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam (officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and South Vietnam (officially the Republic of Vietnam).
Selepas itu, Vietnam terbahagi kepada dua negeri, iaitu Vietnam Utara (secara rasmi Republik Demokratik Vietnam), dan Vietnam Selatan (secara rasmi Republik Vietnam).
Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War, with heavy intervention by the United States on the side of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1973.
Konflik antara kedua-dua pihak menjadi sengit dalam peristiwa yang dikenali sebagai Perang Vietnam, dengan campur tangan yang mendalam oleh Amerika Syarikat di pihak Vietnam Selatan dari 1965 hingga 1973.
The war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
Perang berakhir dengan kemenangan Vietnam Utara pada tahun 1975.
The name Việt Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation: [viə̀t naːm]) is a variation of Nam Việt (Chinese: 南越; pinyin: Nányuè; literally "Southern Việt"), a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC.[14] The word Việt originated as a shortened form of Bách Việt (Chinese: 百越; pinyin: Bǎiyuè), a group of people then living in southern China and Vietnam.[15] The form "Vietnam" (越南) is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình.
Nama Việt Nam (Sebutan vietnam: [viət naːm]) adalah variasi dari Nam Việt ("Việt Selatan"), nama yang dapat ditelusuri kembali kepada Dinasti Triệu pada abad ke-2 ke-SM.[14] Perkataan Việt berasal daripada singkatan bagi Bách Việt, sekumpulan kaum-kaum yang tinggal di selatan China dan Vietnam.[15] Bentuk "Vietnam" (越南) pertama kali tercatat pada abad ke-16 oleh puisi ramalan Sấm Trạng Trình.
The name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558.[16]
Nama ini juga telah ditemui pada 12 buah stele (prasasti) yang terukir pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17, termasuk satu di Pagoda Bao Lam di Haiphong bertarikh 1558.[16]
In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh established the Nguyễn dynasty, and in the second year, he asked the Qing Emperor Jiaqing to confer him the title 'King of Nam Viet/Nanyue' (南越 in Chinese), but the Grand Secretariat of Qing dynasty pointed out that the name Nam Viet/Nanyue includes regions of Guangxi and Guangdong in China.
Pada 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh menubuhkan Dinasti Nguyễn, dan pada tahun kedua, beliau memohon perkenan Maharaja Jiaqing di Qing (China) untuk mengurniakan felaran 'Raja Nam Viet' kepada beliau, namun Urus Setia Tertinggi kerajaan Qing dinasti menegaskan bahawa nama Nam Viet termasuklah kawasan-kawasan dalam wilayah Guangxi dan Guangdong di China.
Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long.[lower-alpha 5] It was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châu's History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.[17] The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the imperial government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted Việt Nam.[18]
Antara 1804 dan 1813, nama Vietnam digunakan secara resmi oleh Maharaja Gia Long.[lower-alpha 1] Ia kembali pada awal abad ke-20 menerusi karya Sejarah Kehilangan Vietnam oleh Phan Bội Châu, dan kemudian oleh Parti Nasionalis Vietnam.[17] Negara ini biasanya dipanggil Annam hingga Mei 1945, apabila kedua-dua pihak maharaja di Huế dan pemerintah Viet Minh di Hanoi menerima pakai Việt Nam.[18]
A Đông Sơn bronze drum, circa 800 BC.
Gendang gangsa Đông Sơn, sekitar 800 SM.
Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic age.
Hasil penemuan arkeologi mendedahkan kewujudan manusia di wilayah Vietnam seawal zaman Paleolitik.
Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam.[19] The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, and include isolated tooth fragments from Tham Om and Hang Hum.[20] Teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have also been found at Dong Can,[21] and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu,[21] Lang Gao[22] and Lang Cuom.[23]
Fosil Homo erectus bertarikh sekitar 500,000 SM telah ditemui di gua-gua di wilayah Lạng Sơn dan Nghệ An di Vietnam utara.[19] Fosil Homo sapiens tertua dari tanah besar Asia Tenggara berasal dari Pleistosen Pertengahan, termasuk serpihan gigi dari Tham Om dan Hang Hum.[20] Gigi yang dikaitkan dengan Homo sapiens dari Akhir Pleistosen juga ditemui di Dong Can,[21] dari dari Awal Holosen di Mai Da Dieu,[21] Lang Gao[22] dan Lang Cuom.[23]
By about 1000 BC, the development of wet-rice cultivation and bronze casting in the Ma River and Red River floodplains led to the flourishing of the Đông Sơn culture, notable for its elaborate bronze Đông Sơn drums.
Sekitar 1000 SM, perkembangan menanam padi dan mengacu gangsa di dataran banjir Sungai Ma dan Sungai Merah memekarkan kebudayaan Đông Sơn yang terkenal dengan gendang Đông Sơn yang berhias.
At this time, the early Vietnamese kingdoms of Văn Lang and Âu Lạc appeared, and the culture's influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia, including Maritime Southeast Asia, throughout the first millennium BC.[24][25][26]
Pada zaman ini muncullah kerajaan-kerajaan terawal Vietnam iaitu Văn Lang dan Âu Lạc, maka pengaruh budaya itu tersebar ke kawasan-kawasan lain Asia Tenggara sepanjang alaf pertama SM.[24][25][26]
Dynastic Vietnam
Vietnam berdinasti
French Indochina
Indochina Perancis
French Indochina in 1913.
Indochina Perancis pada 1913.
Vietnam's independence was gradually eroded by France – aided by large Catholic militias – in a series of military conquests between 1859 and 1885.
Kemerdekaan Vietnam's independence was gradually eroded by France – aided by large Catholic militias – in a series of military conquests between 1859 and 1885.
The Presidential Palace in Hanoi, formerly the Palace of The Governor-General of French Indochina.
Istana Presiden di Hanoi, dahulunya Istana Gabenor-Jeneral Indochina Perancis.
The National Assembly of Vietnam is the unicameral legislature of the state, composed of 498 members.[83] The legislature is open to all parties.[83] Headed by a Chairman, it is superior to both the executive and judicial branches, with all government ministers being appointed from members of the National Assembly.
Dewan Undangan Negara Vietnam adalah badan perundangan negara yang ekadewan, terdiri daripada 498 ahli[83] dan terbuka untuk semua pihak.[83] Diketuai oleh Pengerusi, ia mengungguli kedua-dua cabang eksekutif dan kehakiman, dengan semua kerajaan menteri dilantik dari kalangan ahli Dewan Undangan Negara.
The President of Vietnam is the elected head of state and the commander-in-chief of the military, serving as the Chairman of the Council of Supreme Defense and Security, holds the second highest office in Vietnam.
Presiden Vietnam merupakan ketua negara yang terpilih sementera panglima tertinggi tentera yang berkhidmat sebagai Pengerusi Majlis Pertahanan dan Keselamatan Agung memegang jawatan kedua tertinggi di Vietnam.
The Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of government, presiding over a council of ministers composed of five deputy prime ministers and the heads of 26 ministries and commissions.
Perdana Menteri Vietnam merupakan ketua kerajaan yang memimpin sebuah jemaah menteri yang terdiri dari lima orang timbalan perdana menteri dan 26 orang ketua kementerian dan suruhanjaya.
Vietnamese President Trần Đại Quang with Russian President Vladimir Putin, 19 November 2016
Presiden Vietnam Trần Đại Quang bersama Presiden Rusia, Vladimir Putin, 19 November 2016
A panorama of Vietnam's Hạ Long Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Panorama Teluk Hạ Long, Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO.
Retrieved 23 March 2017. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, eds., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2 CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) ↑ "China continues its plot in the East Sea".
Retrieved 23 March 2017. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003), Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, ed., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2 Lebih daripada satu |ISBN= dan |isbn= dinyatakan (bantuan) Selenggaraan CS1: Menggunakan parameter editors (link) ↑ "China continues its plot in the East Sea".
Retrieved 21 November 2015. ↑ Weisenthal, Joe (22 February 2011).
Dicapai pada 21 November 2015. ↑ Weisenthal, Joe (22 February 2011).
Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Dicapai pada 6 August 2011.
1 2 Woods 2002, p. 38 ↑ Yue-Hashimoto 1972, p. 1 ↑ Thành Lân (14 March 2003).
1 2 Woods 2002 ↑ Yue-Hashimoto 1972 ↑ Thành Lân (14 March 2003).
Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (in Vietnamese).
Error in webarchive template: Check |url= value. Empty. (in Vietnamese).
Retrieved 29 January 2013. ↑ Tonnesson & Antlov 1996, p. 117 ↑ Tonnesson & Antlov 1996, p. 126 ↑ "The Human Migration: Homo erectus and the Ice Age" Archived 9 February 2013 at Archive.is.
Retrieved 29 January 2013. ↑ Tonnesson & Antlov 1996 ↑ Tonnesson & Antlov 1996 ↑ "The Human Migration: Homo erectus and the Ice Age" Archived 9 February 2013 at Archive.is.