The Meitei calendar (Meitei: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯊꯥꯄꯥꯂꯣꯟ) or Manipuri calendar (Meitei: ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯊꯥꯄꯥꯂꯣꯟ) or Kangleipak calendar (Meitei: ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯊꯥꯄꯥꯂꯣꯟ) or Maliyapham Palcha Kumshing (Meitei: ꯃꯂꯤꯌꯥꯐꯝ ꯄꯥꯜꯆꯥ ꯀꯨꯝꯁꯤꯡ) is a lunisolar calendar used by the Meitei people of Manipur for their religious as well as agricultural activities. The concept of era in Meitei was first developed by Emperor Maliyafam Palcha, in the year 1397 BC (Palcha Era)[1] in the kingdom of Kangleipak in present-day Manipur. It is believed that the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 7th months of the Meitei calendar were named after Poireiten's agricultural activities.
'''^ꯃꯂꯤꯌꯥꯐꯝ ꯄꯥꯜꯆꯥ ꯊꯄꯥꯂꯣꯟ''' ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯃꯤꯇꯩꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯊꯄꯥꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯃꯨꯡꯌꯥꯡꯄ ꯍꯥꯛꯇꯛ ꯱꯳꯹꯸ ꯕꯤ. ꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯏ ꯫
Days
ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ
Meitei Romanisation English ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯖꯤꯡ Nongmaijing Sunday ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯀꯥꯕ Ningthoukaba Monday ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯄꯣꯛꯄ Leipakpokpa Tuesday ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯀꯩꯁ Yumsakeisa Wednesday ꯁꯒꯣꯜꯁꯦꯟ Sagolsen Thursday ꯏꯔꯥꯢ Eerai Friday ꯊꯥꯡꯖ Thangja Saturday
ꯃꯤꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯖꯤꯡ Nongmaijing Sunday ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯀꯥꯕ Ningthoukaba Monday ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯄꯣꯛꯄ Leipakpokpa Tuesday ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯀꯩꯁ Yumsakeisa Wednesday ꯁꯒꯣꯜꯁꯦꯟ Sagolsen Thursday ꯏꯔꯥꯢ Eerai Friday ꯊꯥꯡꯖ Thangja Saturday
Months
ꯊꯥ ꯱꯲
Meitei Romanisation Days Gregorian ꯁꯖꯤꯕꯨ Sajibu 30 Apr-May ꯀꯥꯂꯦꯟ Kalen 30 May-Jun ꯏꯉꯥ Eenga 30 Jun-Jul ꯏꯉꯦꯟ Eengen 30 Jul-Aug ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯟ Thouwan 30 Aug-Sept ꯂꯥꯡꯕꯟ Langban 30 Sept-Oct ꯃꯦꯔꯥ Mera 30 Oct-Nov ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡꯀꯩ Heeyangkei 30 Nov-Dec ꯄꯣꯢꯅꯨ Poinu 30 Dec-Jan ꯋꯥꯛꯆꯤꯡ Wakching 30 Jan-Feb ꯐꯥꯢꯔꯦꯜ Fairel 30 Feb-Mar ꯂꯝꯇꯥ Lamta 30 Mar-Apr
ꯃꯤꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯟ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯒꯔꯦꯒꯣꯔꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯁꯖꯤꯕꯨ Sajibu ꯳꯱ Apr-May ꯀꯥꯂꯦꯟ Kalen 30 May-Jun ꯏꯉꯥ Eenga 30 Jun-Jul ꯏꯉꯦꯟ Eengen 30 Jul-Aug ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯟ Thouwan 30 Aug-Sept ꯂꯥꯡꯕꯟ Langban 30 Sept-Oct ꯃꯦꯔꯥ Mera 30 Oct-Nov ꯍꯤꯌꯥꯡꯀꯩ Heeyangkei 30 Nov-Dec ꯄꯣꯢꯅꯨ Poinu 30 Dec-Jan ꯋꯥꯛꯆꯤꯡ Wakching 30 Jan-Feb ꯐꯥꯢꯔꯦꯜ Fairel 30 Feb-Mar ꯂꯝꯇꯥ Lamta 30 Mar-Apr
Important days
ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ
Ningol Chakouba (ꯅꯤꯉꯣꯜ ꯆꯥꯛꯀꯧꯕ)- 2nd of Hiyangei month Sajibu Cheiraoba (ꯁꯖꯤꯕꯨ ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯎꯕ)- 1st of Sajibu month Panthoibi Iratpa (ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ ꯏꯔꯥꯠꯄ) Imoinu Iratpa (ꯏꯃꯣꯢꯅꯨ ꯏꯔꯥꯠꯄ)- 12th of Wakching month Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba (ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯣꯡ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯕ)- Kwaak Taanba (ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯛ ꯇꯥꯟꯕ)- 10th of Mera month Yaoshang (ꯌꯥꯎꯁꯪ) -15th of Lamtaa month, Full moon Heikru Hidongba (ꯍꯩꯀ꯭ꯔꯨ ꯍꯤꯗꯣꯡꯕ)- 11th of Langban month Mera Chaorel Houba (ꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯦꯜ ꯍꯧꯕ)- 1st of Mera month Mera Hou Chongba (ꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯍꯧ ꯆꯣꯡꯕ)- 15th of Mera month
ꯅꯤꯉꯣꯜ ꯆꯥꯛꯀꯧꯕ) 2nd of Hiyangei month Sajibu Cheiraoba (ꯁꯖꯤꯕꯨ ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯎꯕ)- 1st of Sajibu month Panthoibi Iratpa (ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ ꯏꯔꯥꯠꯄ) Imoinu Iratpa (ꯏꯃꯣꯢꯅꯨ ꯏꯔꯥꯠꯄ)- 12th of Wakching month Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba (ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯣꯡ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯕ)- Kwaak Taanba (ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯛ ꯇꯥꯟꯕ)- 10th of Mera month Yaoshang (ꯌꯥꯎꯁꯪ) -15th of Lamtaa month, Full moon Heikru Hidongba (ꯍꯩꯀ꯭ꯔꯨ ꯍꯤꯗꯣꯡꯕ)- 11th of Langban month Mera Chaorel Houba (ꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯦꯜ ꯍꯧꯕ)- 1st of Mera month Mera Hou Chongba (ꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯍꯧ ꯆꯣꯡꯕ)- 15th of Mera month
Preservation
ꯌꯣꯈꯠꯄ
There is a society which preserves the traditional calendar of Manipur.[4][5]
ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯥꯟꯗ ꯆꯠꯄꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯁꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ, ꯁꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫.[1][2]
The main entrance of the Kangla Palace in Imphal.
ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ ꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ ꯒꯤ ꯍꯣꯖꯡ꯫
The Palace of Kangla is an old palace at Imphal in the Manipur state of India. It was situated on both sides (western and eastern) of the bank of the Imphal River. But now it remains only on the western side of the bank.
ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯍꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯠ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯒꯤ ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ ꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ ꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛꯂꯣꯝ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞꯂꯣꯝ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ꯫ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯇꯤ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞꯂꯣꯝ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯗꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯇꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯈꯥꯏꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯈꯔꯕ ꯂꯦꯝꯍꯧꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯛꯇ ꯉꯥꯏꯍꯧꯔꯦ꯫ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯇꯩꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯀꯪꯂꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯀꯪꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯍꯥꯢꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ ꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯄ ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯉꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯛꯂꯕ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ ꯅꯤ꯫
Introduction
ꯋꯥꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛ
Channel around a part of Kangla
ꯀꯪꯂꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯢꯕꯗ ꯆꯦꯟꯕ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ
Kangla (Imphal) was the ancient capital of Kangleipak (Manipur) from the ancient times down to the year 1891 AD. It is located at the heart of the Imphal city almost intersected by 24°N Latitude, 94°E Longitude and it is 2,619 feet (798 m) above mean sea level. It is situated on the western bank of the Imphal River.
ꯀꯪꯂꯥ(ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ) ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯉꯩ ꯒꯤ ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ(ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯸꯹꯱ ꯐꯥꯎ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ ꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯜ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯇꯨꯗ ꯲꯴°ꯑꯋꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯡꯒꯤꯇꯨꯗ ꯹꯴°ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯡ ꯁꯃꯨꯗꯔ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯃꯥꯢꯗꯒꯤ ꯲꯶꯱꯹ ꯐꯤꯠ(꯷꯹꯸ ꯃꯤꯇꯔ) ꯋꯥꯡꯉꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯝꯐꯥꯂ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ ꯂꯩ꯫
In ancient times, 'Kangla' was the royal palace since the reign of Pakhangba who ascended the throne in 20,000 BC according to Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amai Eelon Pukok PuYa,[1] the true Lailik[2] of Kangleipak written in Meetei Mayek.[3]
ꯊꯥꯏꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ 'ꯀꯪꯂꯥ' ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯅꯥ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯅꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯄ ꯅ ꯍꯦꯛ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯐꯝꯕꯥꯜ ꯀꯥꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯲꯰꯰꯰꯰ ꯕꯤ ꯁꯤ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯀꯣꯛꯂꯣꯟ ꯍꯤꯂꯦꯜ ꯊꯤꯂꯦꯜ ꯁꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯏꯂꯣꯟ ꯄꯨꯀꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯌꯥ,[1] ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡ ꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯤꯛ[2] ꯀꯪꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯇ ꯏꯕꯥ꯫[3]
Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, commonly referred to as Tottenham (/ˈtɒtənəm/)[2][3] or Spurs, is an English professional football club based in Tottenham, London, that competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The team has played its home matches in the 62,850-capacity Tottenham Hotspur Stadium since April 2019, replacing their former home of White Hart Lane, which had been demolished to make way for the new stadium on the same site.
(ꯇꯣꯇꯦꯟꯍꯝ ꯍꯣꯠꯁ꯭ꯄ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯐꯨꯠꯚꯣꯜ (Tottenham Hotspur Football Club) , ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯕ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯃꯥꯃꯤꯡ ꯇꯣꯇꯦꯟꯍꯝ (/ˈtɒtənəm/)[1][2] ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒ ꯁ꯭ꯄ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯐꯨꯠꯕꯣꯜ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯇꯤꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯨꯝ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯶꯲꯰꯰꯰ ꯂꯣꯝꯅ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯥꯐꯝ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯜ ꯲꯰꯱꯹ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯒ ꯇꯣꯇꯦꯟꯍꯝ ꯍꯣꯠꯁ꯭ꯄ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯗꯤꯌꯝꯅ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯗꯤꯌꯝ ꯋꯥꯏꯠ ꯍꯥꯔ꯭ꯠ ꯂꯦꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯗꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯧꯔꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫
Early history
ꯑꯉꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ
The Vatican obelisk, originally taken from Egypt by Caligula
ꯚꯦꯇꯤꯀꯥꯟ
Vatican City (/ˈvætɪkən/ (listen)), officially the Vatican City State (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano;[lower-alpha 7] Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae),[lower-alpha 8][lower-alpha 9] is the Holy See's independent city state, an enclave within Rome, Italy.[12] The Vatican City State, also known as The Vatican, became independent from Italy with the Lateran Treaty (1929), and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence.[lower-alpha 10][13] With an area of 49 hectares (121 acres)[lower-alpha 2] and a population of about 825,[lower-alpha 3] it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population.[14] As governed by the Holy See, the Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state (a type of theocracy) ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church.[3][15] The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins.
ꯚꯦꯇꯤꯀꯥꯟ ꯁꯤꯇꯤ (/ˈvætɪkən/ (listen)), ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯪꯪꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯅ officially the ꯚꯦꯇꯤꯀꯥꯟ ꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯁ꯭꯭꯭꯭ꯇꯦꯠ (Italian: Stato della Città del Vaticano;[lower-alpha 7] Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae),[lower-alpha 8][lower-alpha 9] is the Holy See's independent city state, an enclave within Rome, Italy.[1] The Vatican City State, also known as The Vatican, became independent from Italy with the Lateran Treaty (1929), and it is a distinct territory under "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction" of the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity of international law, which maintains the city state's temporal, diplomatic, and spiritual independence.[lower-alpha 10][2] With an area of 49 hectares (121 acres)[lower-alpha 2] and a population of about 825,[lower-alpha 3] it is the smallest state in the world by both area and population.[3] As governed by the Holy See, the Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state (a type of theocracy) ruled by the pope who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church.[4][5] The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various national origins.
After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1437),[16] the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.
After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1437),[6] the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic Palace within what is now Vatican City, although at times residing instead in the Quirinal Palace in Rome or elsewhere.
History
ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ
freeCodeCamp (also referred to as “Free Code Camp”) is a non-profit organization[3] that consists of an interactive learning web platform, an online community forum, chat rooms, online publications and local organizations that intend to make learning web development accessible to anyone. Beginning with tutorials that introduce students to HTML, CSS and JavaScript, students progress to project assignments that they complete either alone or in pairs.
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯀꯣꯗꯀꯦꯝ (also referred to as “Free Code Camp”) ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯣꯡ ꯂꯧꯗꯕ ꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ[1] ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤ ꯋꯦꯕ ꯐꯝꯄꯥꯛꯇ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯀꯝꯄꯨꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯇꯝꯕꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ Beginning with tutorials that introduce students to HTML, CSS and JavaScript, students progress to project assignments that they complete either alone or in pairs.
Upon completion of all project tasks, students are partnered with other nonprofits to build web applications, giving the students practical development experience.[4]
Upon completion of all project tasks, students are partnered with other nonprofits to build web applications, giving the students practical development experience.[2]
Chernobyl disaster Reactor 4 several months after the disaster.
ꯑꯃꯥꯡ‑ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯔ꯭ꯕ ꯊꯥ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯴ ꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯫ ꯚꯦꯟꯇꯤꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯍꯥꯞꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯤꯡꯗ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯳ ꯁꯨ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯂꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ: ꯲꯶ ꯑꯦꯄꯔ꯭ꯤꯜ ꯱꯹꯸꯶; ꯆꯍꯤ ꯳꯵ꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ: ꯰꯱;꯲꯳;꯴꯰ MSD (UTC+04:00) ꯃꯐꯝ: ꯆꯦꯔꯅꯣꯕꯜ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔ ꯄꯋꯥꯔ ꯄꯂ꯭ꯥꯟꯠ, ꯄꯔ꯭ꯤꯄꯌ꯭ꯥꯠ, ꯆꯦꯔꯅꯣꯕꯜ ꯔꯥꯏꯑꯣꯟ, ꯌꯨꯀꯔ꯭ꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯁꯁꯔ, ꯎꯁꯁꯔ (ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯀꯔ꯭ꯦꯟ) ꯃꯈꯜ; ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯌꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ: ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯃꯨꯂꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯄꯋꯥꯔ ꯑꯥꯎꯇꯦꯖ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯇꯦꯁꯠ꯭ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯄꯔ꯭ꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯜ ꯉꯥꯛꯈꯤꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ: INES Level 7 (ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ) ꯃꯤꯁꯤ‑ꯃꯤꯅꯥ: ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯃꯤ ꯱꯰꯰ ꯔꯣꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯗ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯆꯍꯤꯇꯔ꯭ꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯁꯤ‑ꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ‑ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯅꯔꯤ Chernobyl disaster Reactor 4 several months after the disaster.
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on Saturday 26 April 1986, at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union.[1][2] It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history both in terms of cost and casualties,[3] and is one of only two nuclear energy accidents rated at seven—the maximum severity—on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan. The initial emergency response, together with later decontamination of the environment, ultimately involved more than 500,000 personnel and cost an estimated 18 billion Soviet rubles—roughly US$68 billion in 2019, adjusted for inflation.[4][5]
ꯆꯦꯔꯅꯣꯕꯜꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯁꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯆꯟꯕ ꯌꯨꯀꯔ꯭ꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥꯟ SSRꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯄꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯔ꯭ꯤꯄꯌ꯭ꯥꯠ ꯁꯍꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛ ꯅꯛꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯆꯦꯔꯅꯣꯕꯜ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔ ꯄꯋꯥꯔ ꯄꯂ꯭ꯥꯟꯠꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯌꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ ꯴ꯗ ꯑꯦꯄꯔ꯭ꯤꯜ ꯲꯶, ꯱꯹꯸꯶ ꯊꯥꯡꯖ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯇ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ‑ꯑꯇꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤꯗ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯟ‑ꯊꯨꯝ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯁꯤ‑ꯃꯤꯅꯥ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯅꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔ ꯏꯚꯦꯟꯠ ꯁꯀ꯭ꯦꯜꯗ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯄꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯷ ꯌꯧꯕ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯈꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯲꯰꯱꯱ ꯗ ꯖꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯨꯀꯨꯁꯤꯃꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯆꯤ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯁꯇꯔꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯒ ꯈꯨꯗꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯠꯄ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯨ ꯆꯦꯟꯕ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯵꯰꯰,꯰꯰꯰ ꯔꯣꯝ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯁꯣꯚꯤꯌꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯔꯨꯕꯜꯁ꯭ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯱꯸ ꯔꯣꯝ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯦꯜꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯲꯰꯱꯹ ꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ‑ꯆꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯗ ꯄꯥꯕꯗꯅꯤ ꯫
The operators were able to only partially restore the specified test power, which put the reactor in an unstable condition. This risk was not made evident in the operating instructions, so the operators proceeded with the electrical test. Upon test completion, the operators triggered a reactor shutdown, but a combination of unstable conditions and reactor design flaws caused an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction instead.[2]:33
RBMK-type ꯀꯤ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯁꯣꯏ‑ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯗꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔ꯭ꯤꯛ ꯄꯋꯥꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯇꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔ꯭ꯤꯛ ꯁꯄꯂ꯭ꯥꯏ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯕꯦꯛ‑ꯑꯞ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔ꯭ꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯩ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯇꯔ꯭ꯤ ꯆꯩꯔꯛꯇ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯏꯪꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯔꯀꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨꯝꯃꯛ ꯂꯩꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯐꯇꯤ ꯄꯔ꯭ꯣꯁꯤꯖꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯀꯗꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯒꯗꯧꯔꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯱꯹꯸꯲ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯂꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯔ꯭ꯦ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯔꯤꯔꯛꯁꯨꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯊꯥꯖꯔꯨꯗꯅ ꯄꯨꯡ ꯱꯰ ꯔꯣꯝ ꯆꯣꯟꯊꯔꯛꯄꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯝ‑ꯁꯥꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯃꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯕꯨ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯕꯛꯇꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯇꯥꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔ꯭ꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯠ꯭ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯆꯟꯅ ꯍꯥꯟꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯄꯋꯥꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯨꯕꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯊꯥꯖꯗꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯋꯥꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯖꯤꯔꯣ‑ꯃꯌꯥ‑ꯅꯛꯅ ꯍꯟꯊꯈꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ‑ꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯇꯦꯁꯠ꯭ ꯄꯋꯥꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯈꯔ‑ꯈꯖꯤꯛꯇꯤ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯁꯇ꯭ꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯔ꯭ꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯡꯆꯥꯗꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯏꯟꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ꯭ꯛꯁꯟꯗ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯄꯜꯂꯝꯗꯕꯅ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇꯔ꯭ꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯇꯦꯁꯠ꯭ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯔ꯭ꯦ ꯫ ꯇꯦꯁꯠ꯭ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯩ ꯃꯨꯠꯊꯠꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔꯗꯨ ꯁꯇ꯭ꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯗꯕꯗꯨꯒ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯒ ꯄꯥꯗꯨꯅ ꯀꯟꯇꯔ꯭ꯣꯜ ꯉꯝꯗꯕ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯥꯔ ꯆꯦꯟ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫
A large amount of energy was suddenly released, and two explosions ruptured the reactor core and destroyed the reactor building. One was a highly destructive steam explosion from the vaporizing super-heated cooling water; the other explosion could have been another steam explosion or a small nuclear explosion, akin to a nuclear fizzle. This was immediately followed by an open-air reactor core fire that released considerable airborne radioactive contamination for about nine days that precipitated onto parts of the USSR and Western Europe, especially Belarus, 16 km away, where around 70% landed,[8] before being finally contained on 4 May 1986.[9][10] The fire gradually released about the same amount of contamination as the initial explosion.[4] As a result of rising ambient radiation levels off-site, a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) radius exclusion zone was created 36 hours after the accident.
ꯈꯨꯗꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕ ꯑꯦꯅꯔꯖꯤ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯔꯛꯈꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯊꯦꯡꯈꯥꯡ ꯑꯅꯤꯔꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯀꯣꯔꯗꯨ ꯄꯨꯝꯀꯥꯏ ꯀꯥꯏꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯕꯤꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ‑ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯅꯤꯔꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯃꯥꯡ‑ꯑꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯇ꯭ꯤꯝ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯖꯟꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯨꯄꯔ‑ꯍꯤꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯨꯂꯤꯡ ꯋꯥꯇꯔꯕꯨ ꯚꯦꯕꯣꯔꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯗꯨꯗꯅꯤ ; ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯇ꯭ꯤꯝ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯖꯟ ꯅꯠꯇꯔ꯭ꯒ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔ ꯐꯤꯖꯟꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯟꯗꯕ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯀꯂ꯭ꯤꯌꯔ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ꯭ꯄꯣꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯄꯟ‑ꯑꯦꯌꯔ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯃꯩ ꯆꯥꯛꯂꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯃꯥꯄꯜꯅꯤꯔꯣꯝ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯇ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯣꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯀꯤ ꯍꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗꯨ ꯌꯨꯑꯦꯁꯑꯦꯁꯑꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯐꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯱꯶ ꯔꯣꯝ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞꯊꯪꯕ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯆꯟꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯕꯦꯂꯥꯔꯨꯁꯇ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯃꯥꯄꯜꯅꯤꯔꯣꯝ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯣꯟꯅꯊꯪꯗ ꯃꯦ ꯴, ꯱꯹꯴꯶ ꯇ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯩ ꯆꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯏꯍꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯄꯣꯛꯈꯥꯏꯛꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯗ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯨꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯞꯅ ꯇꯞꯅ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯗꯁꯨ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯌꯦꯁꯟ ꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯂꯛꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯄꯥꯏꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯨꯡ ꯳꯶ꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ‑꯱꯰ (ꯃꯥꯏꯜ ꯶.꯲) ꯅ ꯀꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ꯭ꯀꯂ꯭ꯨꯖꯟ ꯖꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯆꯟꯕ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯔ꯭ꯤꯄꯌꯥꯠ ꯁꯍꯔꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯴꯹,꯰꯰꯰ ꯔꯣꯝ ꯁꯥꯐꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ꯭ꯀꯂ꯭ꯨꯖꯟ ꯖꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯳꯰ (ꯃꯥꯏꯜ ꯱꯹) ꯅ ꯀꯣꯟꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯔꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯶꯸,꯰꯰꯰ ꯑꯃꯒꯁꯨ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯥꯐꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
Gates (right) with Paul Allen at Lakeside School in 1970
ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯷꯰ ꯗ ꯂꯦꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯁꯀ꯭ꯨꯜ ꯗ ꯒꯦꯠꯁ꯭ (ꯌꯦꯠ) ꯀ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯣꯜ ꯑꯦꯜꯂꯦꯟ
MITS Altair 8800 Computer with 8-inch (200 mm) floppy disk system, of which the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, the Altair BASIC
ꯏꯟꯆꯤ‑꯸ (꯲꯰꯰mm) ꯒꯤ ꯐꯂ꯭ꯣꯄꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯛ꯭ ꯁꯤꯁꯇꯦꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ Altair 8800 ꯀꯝꯄꯌ꯭ꯨꯇꯔ ꯫ ꯃꯦꯆꯤꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯏꯍꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯄꯔ꯭ꯣꯒꯔ꯭ꯥꯝꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯦꯡꯒꯋ꯭ꯦꯖꯗꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯔ꯭ꯣꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ꯀꯤ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Altair BASIC MITS ꯅꯤ
William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, software developer, investor, author, and philanthropist. He is a co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, along with his late childhood friend Paul Allen.[3][4] During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), president and chief software architect, while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014.[5] He is considered one of the best known entrepreneurs of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s.
ꯋꯤꯜꯂꯤꯑꯝ ꯍꯦꯅꯔꯤ ꯒꯦꯠꯁ꯭ III (ꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔ ꯲꯸, ꯱꯹꯵꯵) ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯖꯥꯎ ꯄꯥꯏꯕ ꯂꯜꯂꯜ‑ꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄ (ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯄꯔ), ꯁꯦꯜ‑ꯊꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯤ(ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁꯇꯔ), ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯏꯐ‑ꯇꯦꯡꯕꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏ (ꯐꯤꯂꯥꯟꯇꯔ꯭ꯣꯄꯤꯁꯠ꯭) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯄꯣꯜ ꯑꯦꯂꯜꯦꯟꯒ ꯄꯨꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯔ꯭ꯣꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ ꯀꯣꯔꯄꯣꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯃꯤꯟꯅꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯔ꯭ꯣꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ꯇ ꯒꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯅ ꯆꯦꯌꯔꯃꯦꯅ, ꯆꯤꯐ ꯏꯒꯖꯦꯀꯌ꯭ꯨꯇꯤꯚ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ (ꯁꯤꯏꯑꯣ), ꯄꯔ꯭ꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯆꯤꯐ ꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯥꯔꯀꯤꯇꯦꯛꯠ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ‑ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯦ ꯲꯰꯱꯴ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯁꯦꯌꯔꯍꯣꯜꯗꯔꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯷꯰ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯱꯹꯸꯰ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯔ꯭ꯣꯀꯝꯄꯌ꯭ꯨꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯛꯈꯪꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯟꯇꯄꯔ꯭ꯦꯅꯌ꯭ꯨꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯒꯦꯁꯠ꯭ꯅꯤ ꯫
In 1975, he and Allen founded Microsoft in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It became the world's largest personal computer software company.[6][lower-alpha 1] Gates led the company as chairman and CEO until stepping down as CEO in January 2000, succeeded by Steve Ballmer, but he remained chairman of the board of directors and became chief software architect.[9] During the late 1990s, he was criticized for his business tactics, which have been considered anti-competitive. This opinion has been upheld by numerous court rulings.[10] In June 2008, Gates transitioned to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the private charitable foundation he and his wife, Melinda Gates, established in 2000.[11] He stepped down as chairman of the board of Microsoft in February 2014 and assumed a new post as technology adviser to support the newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella.[4] In March 2020, Gates left his board positions at Microsoft and Berkshire Hathaway to focus on his philanthropic efforts including climate change, global health and development, and education.[13]
ꯒꯦꯁꯠ꯭ ꯋꯥꯁꯤꯡꯇꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯌꯥꯇꯜꯗ ꯄꯣꯛꯂꯛ‑ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯷꯵ ꯗ ꯃꯥꯒ ꯑꯦꯜꯂꯦꯟꯒꯅ ꯅꯌ꯭ꯨ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯑꯜꯕꯀꯔꯀꯤꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯔ꯭ꯣꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯔꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯌ꯭ꯨꯇꯔ ꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯰꯰ ꯗ ꯁꯤꯏꯑꯣ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯇꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗꯤ ꯒꯦꯁꯠ꯭ꯅ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯌꯔꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯁꯤꯏꯑꯣ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯏ ꯆꯨꯝꯂꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯤꯏꯑꯣ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯔ꯭ꯕꯁꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯕꯣꯔꯗ꯭ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯗꯤꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁ꯭ꯀꯤ ꯆꯦꯌꯔꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯆꯤꯐ ꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ꯋꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯥꯔꯀꯤꯇꯦꯛꯠꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯰ꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ‑ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯈꯔꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ‑ꯇꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯏꯌꯥꯎ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯂꯜꯂꯣꯜ‑ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ‑ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯍꯨꯟꯗꯨꯅ ꯉꯥꯡꯅꯔꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯉꯥꯡꯅꯔꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯔꯠ꯭ꯀꯤ ꯔꯨꯂꯤꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯁꯨ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯔꯥꯏ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯖꯨꯟ ꯲꯰꯰꯸ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯒꯦꯁꯠ꯭ꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯔ꯭ꯣꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ꯇ ꯉꯥꯏꯍꯥꯛ ꯉꯥꯏꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯇꯃꯛ (ꯄꯥꯔꯠ꯭ ꯇꯥꯏꯝ) ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯆꯪꯂꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤ ꯃꯦꯂꯤꯟꯗꯥ ꯒꯦꯁꯠ꯭ꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯰꯵ ꯗ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯟꯅꯥꯏ ꯆꯦꯔꯤꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯐꯥꯎꯟꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯕꯤꯜ & ꯃꯦꯂꯤꯟꯗꯥ ꯒꯦꯁꯠ꯭ ꯐꯥꯎꯟꯗꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯐꯦꯕꯔ꯭ꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯲꯰꯱꯴ ꯗ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯔ꯭ꯣꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ꯀꯤ ꯕꯣꯔꯗ꯭ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯗꯤꯔꯦꯗꯇꯔꯁ꯭ꯇꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯛꯂꯦ ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯅꯧꯅ ꯁꯤꯏꯑꯣ ꯈꯜꯂꯕ ꯁꯇꯌ꯭ ꯅꯥꯗꯦꯜꯂꯥꯕꯨ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯦꯀꯅ꯭ꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯏꯖꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯥꯔꯆ꯭ ꯲꯰꯲꯰ ꯗ ꯒꯦꯁꯠ꯭ꯅ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯔ꯭ꯣꯁꯣꯐꯠ꯭ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯕꯔꯛ꯭ꯁꯥꯏꯔ ꯍꯥꯊꯋꯦ‑ꯗ ꯕꯣꯔꯗ꯭ꯀꯤ ꯐꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯊꯥꯗꯣꯛꯂꯒ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯂꯛꯄ, ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ, ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠ‑ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ‑ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯂꯝ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯟꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫
Since 1987, Bill Gates has been included in the Forbes list of the world's wealthiest people.[14][15] From 1995 to 2017, he held the Forbes title of the richest person in the world every year except from 2010 to 2013.[16] In October 2017, he was surpassed by Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, who had an estimated net worth of US$90.6 billion compared to Gates's net worth of US$89.9 billion at the time.[17] As of May 2021, Gates had an estimated net worth of US$144 billion, making him the fourth-richest person in the world.[18]
ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯸꯷ ꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯐꯣꯔꯕ꯭ꯁ꯭ (Forbes) ꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯜ‑ꯃꯊꯨꯝ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯒꯦꯁꯠ꯭ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯪ ꯱꯹꯹꯵ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯱꯷ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯱꯰ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯱꯳ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯁꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯥꯛ ꯈꯨꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯕ꯭ꯁ꯭‑ꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯄꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯱꯷ ꯗ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯃꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯥꯖꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯎꯟꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯁꯤꯏꯑꯣ ꯖꯦꯐ ꯕꯦꯖꯣꯁꯅ ꯇꯨꯡꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯊꯅꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝꯁꯤꯗ ꯕꯦꯖꯣꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯃꯔꯜ‑ꯃꯊꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯑꯦꯁ $ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯹꯰.꯶ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯒ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯒꯦꯁꯠ꯭ꯀꯤꯅ ꯌꯨꯑꯣꯁ $ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯸꯹.꯹ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯦ ꯲꯰꯲꯱ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗ ꯒꯦꯠꯁ꯭ꯀꯤ ꯑꯄꯨꯟꯕ ꯃꯔꯜ‑ꯃꯊꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨ꯭ꯑꯦꯁ $ ꯕꯤꯂꯤꯌꯟ ꯱꯴꯴ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯈꯋ꯭ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯥꯛ ꯈꯨꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ ꯫
He has given sizable amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, reported to be the world's largest private charity.[19] Through the foundation, he led an early 21st century vaccination campaign which significantly contributed to the eradication of the wild poliovirus in Africa.[20][21] In 2010, Gates and Warren Buffett founded The Giving Pledge, whereby they and other billionaires pledge to give at least half of their wealth to philanthropy.[22]
He has given sizable amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, reported to be the world's largest private charity.[1] Through the foundation, he led an early 21st century vaccination campaign which significantly contributed to the eradication of the wild poliovirus in Africa.[2][3] In 2010, Gates and Warren Buffett founded The Giving Pledge, whereby they and other billionaires pledge to give at least half of their wealth to philanthropy.[4]
Early life
ꯑꯉꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ
Vitaly Dmitriyevich "Vitalik" Buterin (Russian: Виталий Дмитриевич Бутерин; born 31 January 1994) is a Russian-Canadian programmer and writer who is best known as one of the co-founders of Ethereum.
Vitaly Dmitriyevich "Vitalik" Buterin (Russian: Виталий Дмитриевич Бутерин; born 31 January 1994) ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯅꯥꯗ is a Russian-Canadian programmer and writer who is best known as one of the co-founders of Ethereum.
Buterin became involved with cryptocurrency early in its inception, co-founding Bitcoin Magazine in 2011.[1][2][3] In 2014, Buterin launched Ethereum with Gavin Wood.[4][5]
Buterin became involved with cryptocurrency early in its inception, co-founding Bitcoin Magazine in 2011. In 2014, Buterin launched Ethereum with Gavin Wood.[1][2]
Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain with smart contract functionality.
ꯏꯊꯦꯔꯤꯌꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯏꯔꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯕ is a decentralized, open-source blockchain with smart contract functionality.
Bitcoin (₿) is a decentralized digital currency, without a central bank or single administrator, that can be sent from user to user on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network without the need for intermediaries.[5] Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain.
Bitcoin (₿) iꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯥꯆꯍꯟꯗꯕs a decentralized digital currency, without a central bank or single administrator, that can be sent from user to user on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network without the need for intermediaries. Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain.
The cryptocurrency was invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto.[8] The currency began use in 2009[9] when its implementation was released as open-source software.[7]:ch.
The cryptocurrency was invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto.[1] The currency began use in 2009[2] when its implementation was released as open-source software.:ch.
Dr. Gavin James Wood is an English computer scientist, co-founder of Ethereum and creator of Polkadot and Kusama.[1][2]
ꯗ. ꯒꯥꯚꯤꯟ ꯋꯨꯗDr. Gavin James Wood ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ ꯀꯝꯄꯨꯇꯔ ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯏꯊꯦꯔꯤꯌꯝ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅꯤ ꯫is an English computer scientist, co-founder of Ethereum and creator of Polkadot and Kusama.[1][2]
Jan Železný (Czech pronunciation: [jan ˈʒɛlɛzniː] (listen); born 16 June 1966) is a retired Czech track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw.
ꯖꯥꯟ ꯓꯤꯂꯤꯓꯅꯤJan Železný (Czech pronunciation: [jan ˈʒɛlɛzniː] (listen); born 16 June 1966) ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯓꯦꯛ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯣꯊꯥꯈꯔꯕ ꯃꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯇꯥ ꯂꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯅꯤ ꯫is a retired Czech track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw.
Qatar (/ˈkætɑːr/,[10] /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ (listen), /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ (listen);[11] Arabic: قطر Qaṭar [ˈqatˤar]; local vernacular pronunciation: [ˈɡɪtˤɑr]),[12][13] officially the State of Qatar (Arabic: دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.[14][15][16][17][18] Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf.
ꯀꯥꯇꯥꯔQatar (/ˈkætɑːr/,[1] /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ (listen), /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ (listen);[2] Arabic: قطر Qaṭar [ˈqatˤar]; local vernacular pronunciation: [ˈɡɪtˤɑr]),[3][4] officially the State of Qatar (Arabic: دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar), is ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯅꯣꯡꯆꯨꯞ ꯊꯪꯕ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫a country located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.[5][6][7][8][9] Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf.
Yuji Nishida (西田 有志, Nishida Yūji, born (2000-01-30)30 January 2000) is a Japanese male volleyball player.
Yuji Nishida (西田 有志, Nishida Yūji, born (2000-01-30)30 January 2000) ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯖꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯚꯣꯂꯤꯕꯣꯜ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯔꯣꯏꯅꯤ ꯫is a Japanese male volleyball player.
Nishida made his debut with JTEKT Stings at V.League on 6 January 2018 in a match against Osaka Blazers Sakai.
ꯏꯪ ꯀꯨꯝꯖꯥ ꯲꯰꯱꯸ ꯖꯥꯅꯨꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯶ ꯅꯤꯁꯤꯗꯥꯅ Nishida made his debut with JTEKT Stings at V.League on 6 January 2018 in a match against Osaka Blazers Sakai.
His impressive debut at the young age of 17 soon earned him a position in JTEKT's Starting 6 [2] as well as Japan men's national volleyball team.
His impressive debut at the young age of 17 soon earned him a position in JTEKT's Starting 6 [1] as well as Japan men's national volleyball team.
Subedar Neeraj Chopra VSM (born 24 December 1997)[1] is an Indian track and field athlete and a Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) in Indian Army who competes in the javelin throw.
ꯅꯤꯔꯥꯖ ꯆꯣꯄ꯭ꯔꯥ Neeraj Chopra VSM (born 24 December 1997) ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ is an Indian track and field athlete and a Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) in Indian Army who competes in the javelin throw.
Chopra's previous best was the 88.06m gold-medal winning throw at the 2018 Asian Games[2] and 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Chopra's previous best was the 88.06m gold-medal winning throw at the 2018 Asian Games[1] and 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Chopra was also selected as the flag-bearer at the opening ceremony for India at the 2018 Asian Games, which marked his first Asian Games appearance.[3][4] In his earlier career, he was the 2016 World U20 champion and set the world under-20 record of 86.48 m.
Chopra was also selected as the flag-bearer at the opening ceremony for India at the 2018 Asian Games, which marked his first Asian Games appearance.[2][3] In his earlier career, he was the 2016 World U20 champion and set the world under-20 record of 86.48 m.
Warren Edward Buffett (/ˈbʌfɪt/ BUFF-itt; born August 30, 1930)[1] is an American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist.
Warren Edward Buffett (/ˈbʌfɪt/ BUFF-itt; born August 30, 1930)[1] ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ, is an American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist.
The Abuja National Mosque, also known as the Nigerian National Mosque, is the national mosque of Nigeria.
The Abuja National Mosque, also known as the Nigerian National Mosque, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯅꯥꯏꯖꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯏꯁꯂꯥꯝ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯪ ꯫ is the national mosque of Nigeria.