Bernard Desclot (in Catalan: Bernat Desclot) was a Catalan chronicler whose work covering the brief reign of Peter III of Aragon (1276–85) forms one of the four Catalan Grand Chronicles through which the modern historian views thirteenth- and fourteenth century military and political matters in the Kingdom of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia,[1] including the "Aragonese Crusade". Desclot's Chronicle begins in the eleventh century but gains especial interest when he comes to describe events current within living memory. Bernard's literary model was Romance, and his account is spiced with dramatic monologues of the central characters and thrilling episodes, such as the escape of Peter's brother, James II of Majorca, from the fortress of Perpignan, through the castle's drains.
Bernard Desclot (in Catalana: Bernat Desclot) e un Catalan chronicler cuius operimentum de brevitate opus Petri Aragonum III (1276–85) per unum de quatuor Catalan Grand Chronicles tquae in hodiernis rerum videt thirteenth- quarto saeculo militum et principium rei in Regno Aragoniae et principatum ex Catalonia,possidet in "Peregrinus Aragonum".
Nothing of Bernard himself is known save what little can be gleaned through his Chronicle.
Nihil scitur nisi parum potest sumi per Bernardum ipsum Chronico.
F.L. Critchlow provided an English translation of the section covering the reign of Peter III in Chronicle of the Reign of King Peter III of Aragon, 1276-85 (Princeton University Press) 1928.
F.L. Critchlow dum tegmen sectionis English translation in regno Petro III Chronicle of the Reign of King Peter III of Aragon, 1276-85 (Princeton University Press) 1928.
Notes
Bibliographia
Taflamart, an Occitan pig latin poem by Cerverí.
Taflamart, an Occitan pig latin poem per Cerverí.
Cerverí de Girona (Catalan pronunciation: [sərβəˈɾi ðə ʒiˈɾonə]) (fl.
Cerverí de Gerunda (Catalan pronunciation: [sərβəˈɾi ðə ʒiˈɾonə]) (fl.
1259–1285) was a Catalan troubadour born Guillem de Cervera in Girona.
1259–1285) quod natus a Catalan troubadour Guillem de Cervera in Gerunda.
He was the most prolific troubadour, leaving behind some 114 lyric poems among other works, including an ensenhamen of proverbs for his son, totaling about 130. He was a court poet to James the Conqueror and Peter the Great.
Troubadour fecundus erat cum 114 poesis lyrica, qum proverbium pro filio suo, totaling 130. Et fuit a curia poet ut James the Conqueror et Peter the Great.
He wrote pastorelas and sirventes and his overriding concern was the complexities of court life.
Scripsit pastorelas and sirventes.
None of his music survives.
Et nemo relictus est in musica.
Sources
Bibliographia
Cerverí de Girona
Cerverí de Gerunda
1285 – 1348) was a Catalan Gothic painter and miniaturist.
1285 – 1348) erat un Catalana ars gothica et miniaturist.
The Three Women at the Tomb of Jesus by Bassa, in the Monastery of Pedralbes, Barcelona.
Tres Iesu mulieribus ad monumentum per Bassa, in Barcelona.
Sources
Bibliography
Jean de Roquetaillade [1] (born ca. 1310, died between 1366 and 1370, probably at Avignon) was a French Franciscan alchemist.[2]
Jean de Roquetaillade [1] (natus 1310, est inter 1366 et 1370, in Avignon) erat un Franciscan alchemist.[2]
After studying philosophy for five years at Toulouse, he entered the Franciscan monastery at Aurillac, where he continued his studies for five years longer.
Post quinque annos philosophiam in Tolosa, et ingressus est in monasterio Minorum in Aureliacum,omittit continuis studiis ultra quinquennium.
His experiments in distillation led to the discovery of what he termed aqua vitæ, or usually quinta essentia, and commended as a panacea for all disease. His work as an alchemist forms the subject-matter of De consideratione quintæ essentiæ (Basle, 1561) and De extractione quintæ essentiæ; likewise Libellus de conficiendo vero lapide philosophico ad sublevandam inopiam papæ et cleri in tempore tribulationis (Strasburg, 1659).
In experimentis invenisse quod dicitur ad destillationem aqua vitæ, aut solet, quinta essentia,et pro omnibus morbis medicinare. Ut minor opera eius est De consideratione quintæ essentiæ (Basle, 1561) et De extractione quintæ essentiæ; etiam Libellus de conficiendo vero lapide philosophico ad sublevandam inopiam papæ et cleri in tempore tribulationis (Strasburg, 1659).
Works
Operibus
Manuscript of the Crònica by Ramon Muntaner.
Manuscript de Crònica per Ramon Muntaner.
Ramon Muntaner (Catalan pronunciation: [rəˈmom muntəˈne]) (1265 – 1336 ) was a Catalan soldier and writer who wrote the Crònica, a chronicle of his life, including his adventures as a commander in the Catalan Company. He was born at Perelada.
Ramon Muntaner (Catalan pronunciation: [rəˈmom muntəˈne]) (1265 – 1336 ) Catalan esset miles et scriptorem, qui scripsit Crònica. Quia natus est Peralada.
He died at Ibiza in 1336.
Et mortuus est Ibiza in 1336.
References
Bibliography
Roger de Flor (1267 – 30 April 1305), also known as Ruggero/Ruggiero da Fiore or Rutger von Blum or Ruggero Flores, was an Italian military adventurer and condottiere active in Aragonese Sicily, Italy and the Byzantine Empire. He held the title Count of Malta.
Rogerus de Flor (1267 – 30 aprilis 1305), et ut Ruggero/Ruggiero da Fiore or Rutger von Blum uel Ruggero Flores, erat un adventurer Italici belli fuit, et ductore activa in Aragonum Siciliam Italiae imperium Byzantinum. Hic titulus Count of Malta.
Moselle Romance is an extinct Romance Language that developed after the fall of the Roman Empire along the Moselle river in modern-day Germany, near the border with France.
Romanica Moselliensis est [[Linguae Romanicae|lingua romanica]] quae exorta est post [[Imperium Romanum]] occasum iuxta [[Mosella|Mosellam]] flumen.
Despite heavy Germanic influence, it persisted in isolated pockets as late as the 11th century.
Adversa plurimos colonos Germanicos rara restabat XI saeculo.
Historical Background
Origines
After Julius Caesar conquered Gaul in 50 b.c. a Gallo-Roman culture gradually developed in what is today France, southern Belgium, Luxembourg, and the region between Trier and Koblenz.
Postea quam [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesar]] vicit [[Galliam|Gallia]] anno 50 a.C.n., gens Galloromana ibi exculta est.
By contrast, the adjacent province of Germania Inferior and part of Germania Superior retained a Germanic character throughout the Imperial period.
In [[Germania Inferior|Germania Inferiore]] autem et in marginibus [[Germania Superior|Germaniae Superioris]] qui Galliae vicini sunt, gens Germana permanuit usque ad occasum Imperii.
Emergence of Moselle Romance
Ortus Romanicae Moselliensis
The Angles and Saxons, en route to England from their ancestral lands in the western Netherlands and Germany, carved a path through Holland, Flanders, and Brabant and sent the local Franks fleeing southeast along the Ourthe and Sauer rivers to the region around Metz and the Upper Moselle.
Ab Anglis et Saxonibus profectis a patriis suis ad [[Britannia|Britanniam]] insulam, qui transiebant per [[Hollandia|Hollandiam]], [[Flandria|Flandriam]], Brabant, fugati sunt [[Franci|]] in vulturnum juxta flumina Ourthe et Sauer in fines [[Mettis|Mettienses]] et superiorem Mosellam.
This drove a sixty-kilometer wedge between the Gallo-Romans in the Trier-Koblenz area and their linguistic brethren in the rest of Gaul.
Itaque spatio 60 chilometrorum diviserunt Mosellienses a ceteris Galloromanis.
Judging by the archeological evidence, these newly arrived Franks practiced farming and animal husbandry about Bitburg, Gutland, the Middle and Upper Saar, and the Moselle Valley- strongly preferring these last two over the others.
Vestigiis archaeologicis perspectis, videtur eos agrum coluisse et educavisse pecora circa Bitburg, Gutland, medium [[Saravus|Saravum]], postera duo quorum potissimum frequentantes.
Decline
Clades
The local Gallo-Roman placenames suggest that the left bank of the Moselle was Germanized following the 8th century, but the the right bank remained Romance-speaking into at least the 10th century.
Nomina civium Galloromana indicunt Mosellenienses laevá Mosellae ripá a Germanis prorsus assimilatos esse IX saeculo; dextrà autem servabant linguam suam X quidem saeculo.
Said names include Maring-Noviand, Osann-Monzel, Longuich, Riol, Hatzenport, Longkamp, Karden, and Kröv or Alf.
Vide [[Maring-Noviand]], [[Osann-Monzel]], [[Longuich]], [[Riol]], [[Hatzenport]], [[Longkamp]], [[Karden]], [[Kröv]] aut [[Alf]].
This being a wine-growing region, a number of viticultural terms from Moselle Romance have survived in the local German dialect.
Romanica Moselliensis dialecto Germano sibi succedenti nonnulla verba ad viticulturam vetustam regionis pertinentia tradidit.
Sample text
Exemplum
The following Late Latin inscription from the sixth century shows influence from Moselle Romance:
Haec inscriptio Latina VI-i saeculi corrupta est Romanicá Mosselliensi:
"For Mauricius his wife Montana who lived with him for twelve years made this gravestone; he was forty years old and died on the 25th of May."[1]
"Hoc titulum Mauricio fecit Montana, coniunx eius, qui duodecim annos cum eo vixit; is habuit quadraginta annorum; transivit die VIII Kalendas."s[1]
Pannonian Romance African Romance
Romanica Pannoniensis Romanica Afra
Moselle Romance
Romanica Moselliensis
Pannonian Romance was a Romance language that developed in Pannonia after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It seems to have lasted until the 10th century. The development of Pannonian Romance shows some similarities with that of British Romance, lasting only a few centuries.
Romanica Pannonienses est lingua romana quae in Pannonia floruit Imperio Romano lapso. Videtur exstincta esse saeculo X.
History
Historia
The Romanized population of Pannonia (for which the historian Theodor Mommsen calculated a population of about 200,000 around the 4th century) survived Barbarian invasions (by the Huns, Goths, Avars and others), although they were reduced to few thousands by the 6th century, living mainly in fortified villages like Keszthely and Fenékpuszta.
Romanopannonienses, quorum numerum Theodor Mommsen historicus credebat 200,000 fuisse circa saeculum III, multas incursiones Hunnorum, Gothorum, Avarorum, etc subierant quibus in pauca milia redacti sunt saeculo XI ineunte. Deinde maxima restantium pars latebat in oppidis munitis ut Keszthely et Fenélpuszta.
There were other places in Pannonia where local population continued to speak forms of Vulgar Latin after the 5th century: Pécs, Sopron, Szombathely, Dunaújváros. Many Christian relics with inscriptions in Latin have been found in these towns.
Eos autem liquet et in aliis Pannoniae partibus remanuisse post saeculum V, nam multae Christianorum reliquiae repertae sunt Sopianiis, Scarbantiae, Savariae (i.e. Pécs, Sopron, Szombathely), Tokod, Dunaújváros.
Image of Roman Pannonia girl (6th century), wearing ornaments of the Keszthely culture
Puella vestita modo romanopannoniensi.
But it was on the western shore of the Lake Pelso (now called Lake Balaton) where a peculiar society of craftsmen formed, called the Keszthely culture, of which more than 6,000 artisan tombs and many products (including in gold) are left.
Societas fabrorum romanopannoniensium exorta est in laci Pelsodis litore quod ad occidentem vergit. Posteris reliquerunt plus 6,000 sepulcra et multa opuscula, nonnulla quorum aurea sunt.
Romance dialects disappeared due to assimilation with German and Slavic invaders in borders areas of the Roman limes near the Danube river in Pannonia, Raetia (today Bavaria and Switzerland) and Noricum (today Austria),[3] but in the area of Lake Balaton survived because the Avars needed a population of skilled artisans and craftsmen for their own needs.
Ceteri romanici qui iuxta Danuvium vixerant invadentibus germanicis et slavonicis succubuerant; haud autem qui iuxta Pelsodem versabantur, quos [[Avari]] magni aestimabant quia opuscula eis fabricarent.
After the Avars were defeated by Charlemagne and disappeared at the beginning of the 9th century, the Romanized craftsmen of the "Keszthely culture" were no longer needed and so quickly were assimilated: their language, Pannonian Romance, soon disappeared with them in the 10th century.[4]
Patronis suis manu Caroli Magni peremptis saeculo IX ineunte, societas Pelsodensis evanuit. [4]