Carles Puigdemont i Casamajó (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈkarɫəs pudʒðəˈmon i kəzəməˈʒo]) (Amer, 29 December 1962) is a politician and former journalist from Catalonia. He is the current President of the Generalitat of Catalonia.
'S e fear-poileataigs spàinneach a tha ann am Carles Puigdemont Casamajó (Girona 29 an Dùbhlachd, 1962).
He became the 130th President of the Generalitat of Catalonia thanks to an agreement between Junts pel Sí and CUP.[1][2] He is also a member of the Parliament of Catalonia and the former mayor of Girona.[3]
Chaidh a thaghadh mar Prìomh-mhinistear na Catalòinia ann an 10 am Faoilleach, 2016.
Carles Puigdemont
Carles Puigdemont i Casamajó
Shōwa Day (昭和の日, Shōwa no Hi?) is a Japanese annual holiday held on April 29.
Is e Là Shōwa (昭和の日, Shōwa no Hi?) latha-fèill Iapanach ga chumail air 29 Giblean.
It honors the birthday of the Shōwa Emperor (Hirohito), the reigning emperor from 1926 to 1989.[1] The purpose of the holiday is to encourage public reflection on the turbulent 63 years of Hirohito's reign.
Tha e a' comharrachadh là-breith Ìompaire Shōwa (Hirohito), a bha a' rìoghachadh bho 1926 gu 1989.[1]
Coincidentally, Shōwa Day happens in the same date that in 1946 the Allies' International Military Tribunal for the Far East condemned key officials of the Imperial Hirohito government during World War II to death, including former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo.
Tha Latha Shōwa ga chomharrachadh le tuiteamas air an dearbh latha ´s a chaidh prìomh oifigich riaghaltas ìmpireil Hirohito a dhìteadh leis a' Mhòd-ceartais armailteach is eadar-nàiseanta aig a' Chaidreachas airson na h-Àird an Ear. Bha am Prìomhair, Hideki Tojo, am measg an fheadhainn a fhuair binn-bàis.
It is a hybrid or mixed legal system containing civil law and common law elements, that traces its roots to a number of different historical sources.[1][2][3] Together with English law and Northern Ireland law, it is one of the three legal systems of the United Kingdom.[4] It shares some elements with the two other systems, but it also has its own unique sources, institutions and nomen juris.
Is e Lagh na h-Alba an siostam laghail a bhuineas do dh'Alba a-mhàin. Tha e na shiostam laghail measgaichte a' giùlan eileamaidean bhon lagh shìobhalta agus bhon lagh chumanta, agus tha e a' lorg nam freumhan aige ann an àireamh de thùsan eachdraidheil. Tha e air fear de na trì siostaman laghail aig an Rìoghachd Aonaichte sa bheil grunn eileamaidean an cumantas le chèile. Gidheadh, tha a thùsan, institiùdan is nomen juris sònraichte aige fhèin.
Early Scots law before the 12th century consisted of the different legal traditions of the various cultural groups that inhabited the country at the time, the Gaels in most of the country, with the Britons and Anglo-Saxons in some districts south of the Forth and with the Norse in the islands and north of the River Oykel.
Ron 12na linn, b' e lagh tràth na h-Alba measgachadh de na nòsan laghail eadar-dhealaichte aig na grunn fhìneachan a bha a' tàmh san dùthaich aig an àm. Na Gàidheil anns a' mhòr-chuid den tìr, na Breatannaich agus Angla-Shasannaich ann an cuid de cheàrnaidhean deas air Linne Fhoirthe, agus na Lochlannaich a' còmhnaidh sna h-eileanan agus tuath air Abhainn Oiceall.
The introduction of feudalism from the 12th century and the expansion of the Kingdom of Scotland established the modern roots of Scots law, which was gradually influenced by other, especially Anglo-Norman and continental legal traditions.
Bho leudachadh Rìoghachd na h-Alba agus toirt a-steach an rian fhiùdalaich san 12mh linn, stèidhichear freumhan nuadha an lagha Albannaich, agus mean air mhean, chaidh buaidh a thoirt air le nòsan eile, gu h-àraidh nòsan Angla-Normanach is roinn-eòrpach.
Although there was some indirect Roman law influence on Scots law the direct influence of Roman law was slight up until around the 15th century.
Ged a bha buaidh neo-dhìreach air lagh na h-Alba aig an lagh Ròmanach, cha robh ann dheth ach fiar-bhuaidh gus timcheall air an 15mh linn.
After this time, Roman law was often adopted in argument in court, in an adapted form, where there was no native Scots rule to settle a dispute; and Roman law was in this way partially received into Scots law.
Bhon uair sin, is tric a bhite a' cleachdadh an lagha Ròmanaich gus argamaid sa chùirt, ann an cruth atharraichte, nuair nach biodh riaghailt dhùthchasach Albannach ann gus connspaid a rèiteachadh; air an dòigh sin 's ann a chaidh an lagh Ròmanach a leth-ghabhail a-steach do lagh na h-Alba.
Scots law recognises four sources of law: legislation, legal precedent, specific academic writings, and custom.
Tha lagh na h-Alba ag aithneachadh ceithir tùsan lagha: reachdas, eisimpleir laghail, sgrìobhainnean sgoilearach sònraichte, agus gnàth-chleachdadh.
Legislation affecting Scotland may be passed by the Scottish Parliament, the United Kingdom Parliament, the European Parliament, and the Council of the European Union.
Dh'fhaodadh reachdas a bheir buaidh air Alba a bhith air aontachadh le Pàrlamaid na h-Alba, Pàrlamaid na Rìoghachd Aonaichte, Pàrlamaid na h-Eòrpa, agus Comhairle an Aonaidh Eòrpaich.
Some legislation passed by the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland is still also valid.
Tha cuid den reachdas a chaidh aontachadh leis an t-seann Phàrlamaid na h-Alba ro 1707 dligheach fhathast.
Since the Union with England Act 1707, Scotland has shared a legislature with England and Wales.
Bho Achd an Aonaidh le Sasann 1707, tha reachdadaireachd aig Alba ann an compàirt ri Sasann agus a' Chuimrigh.
Scotland retained a fundamentally different legal system from that south of the border, but the Union exerted English influence upon Scots law.
Ghlèidh Alba siostam laghail a tha, aig ìre bhunaiteach, eadar-dhealaichte bhon lagh an Sasann, ach leig an t-Aonadh buaidh Shasannach air lagh na h-Alba.
In recent years, Scots law has also been affected by European law under the Treaties of the European Union, the requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights (entered into by members of the Council of Europe) and the reconvening of the Scottish Parliament which may pass legislation within all areas not reserved to Westminster, as detailed by the Scotland Act 1998.[5][6]
Sna beagan bhliadhnaichean a dh'fhalbh, tha buaidh ga thoirt air lagh na h-Alba le lagh na h-Eòrpa fo Chòrdaidhean an Aonaidh Eòrpaich, na feumalachdan aig a' Chunnradh Eòrpach air Còraichean a' Chinne-Daonna (ris an do ghabh buill Chomhairle na h-Eòrpa) agus ath-stèidheachadh Pàrlamaid na h-Alba a bhios ag aontachadh reachdas anns gach raon nach eil glèidhte fo chùram Westminster, mar a th' air a mhìneachadh ann an Achd na h-Alba 1998. [5][6]
Scotland as a distinct jurisdiction
Alba mar uachdranas laghail fa leth
The United Kingdom is a quasi-federal state that, judicially, consists of three jurisdictions: (a) England and Wales, (b) Scotland and (c) Northern Ireland.[4] There are important differences between Scots Law, English law and Northern Irish law in areas such as property law, criminal law, trust law,[7] inheritance law, evidence law and family law while there are greater similarities in areas of national interest such as commercial law, consumer rights,[8] taxation, employment law and health and safety regulations.[9]
Is e stàit letheach-fheadarail a th' anns an Rìoghachd Aonaichte, far am faighear trì uachdranasan laghail: (a) Sasann agus a' Chuimrigh (b) Alba agus (c) Èirinn a Tuath. Tha eadar-dhealachaidhean cudromach ann eadar Lagh na h-Alba, lagh Shasainn agus lagh Èirinn a Tuath ann an raointean leithid lagh an earrais, lagh eucoireach, lagh an urrais, lagh an oighreachaidh, lagh fianais agus lagh an teaghlaich, ged a gheibhear coltasan nas motha ann an raointean de leas nàiseanta, leithid lagh coimhearsalta, còraichean luchd-caitheimh, cìsean, lagh cosnaidh agus riaghailtean slàinte is sàbhailteachd. [9]
Examples of differences between the jurisdictions include the age of legal capacity (16 years old in Scotland, 18 years old in England and Wales),[10][11] the use of 15-member juries for criminal trials in Scotland (compared with 12-member juries in England and Wales) who always decide by simple majority,[12] the fact that the accused in a criminal trial does not have the right to elect a judge or jury trial,[12] judges and juries of criminal trials have the "third verdict" of "not proven" available to them,[13][14] and the fact that equity was never a distinct branch of Scots law.[15]
Am measg nan caochlaidhean eadar na h-uachdranasan laghail, tha aois na comasachd laghail (16 bliadhna a dh'aois an Alba, 18 bliadhna a dh'aois an Sasann agus sa Chuimrigh), 15 buill den luchd-breith aig deuchainnean eucoireach an Alba (seach 12 bhall den luchd-breith an Sasann agus sa Chuimrigh) a bhios daonnan a' co-dhùnadh le mòr-chuid shìmplidh, a' chion chòir aig an neach fo chasaid ann an deuchainn eucoireach a bhith a' taghadh britheamh, "an treas breith" ris an canar "gun dearbhadh" aig britheamhan is luchd-breith mar roghainn ann an deuchainnean eucoireach, agus lagh na h-Alba a bhith às aonais ceartas mar mheur eadar-dhealaichte a-riamh. [15]
There are also differences in the terminology used between the jurisdictions.
Chan ionnan am briathrachas a th' air a chleachdadh sna h-uachdranasan laghail nas motha.
For example, in Scotland there are no Magistrates' Courts or Crown Court but there are Justice of the Peace Courts, Sheriff Courts and the College of Justice.
Mar eisimpleir, chan fhaighear Cùirtean Maighstirean-lagha no Cùirt a' Chrùin, ach gheibhear Cùirtean Maoir Cheartais, Cùirtean an t-Siorraim agus Colaiste a' Cheartais.
The Procurator Fiscal Service provides the independent public prosecution service for Scotland like the Crown Prosecution Service in England and Wales and the Public Prosecution Service in Northern Ireland.
Bidh Seirbheis Procadair a' Chrùin a' lìbhrigeadh seirbheis casaid neo-eisimeileachd a' phobaill do dh'Alba mar a nì Seirbheis Casaid a' Chrùin an Sasann 's sa Chuimrigh, agus Seirbheis Casaid a' Phobaill an Èirinn a Tuath.
The civil, criminal and heraldic courts of Scotland are responsible for the administration of justice.
Tha uallach air cùirtean earraideach, eucoireach is catharra na h-Alba airson rianachadh a' cheartais.
They are constituted and governed by Scots law.
Tha iad air an stèidheachadh agus air an riaghladh le Lagh na h-Alba.
The Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service, a non-ministerial department of the Scottish Government, is responsible for the administration of the country's courts and tribunals systems.
Tha rianachadh cùirtean agus mòdan-ceartais na dùthcha fo uallach Seirbheis Cùirtean 's Mòdan-ceartais na h-Alba, a tha 'na roinn neo-mhinistreil aig Riaghaltas na h-Alba.
The Court of Session is the supreme civil court and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court.
Is e Cùirt an t-Seisein a' chùirt chatharra as àirde agus Àrd-chùirt a' Cheartais a' chùirt eucoireach as àirde.
The specialist system of Children's Hearings handles the majority of cases involving allegations of criminal conduct involving persons under 16.
Tha siostam speisealta Èisteachd na Cloinne a' dèiligeadh ris a' mhòr-chuid de chasaidean eucoir sa bheil daoine fo 16 bliadhna a dh'aois an sàs.
The Court of the Lord Lyon is the heraldic court and the Scottish Land Court deals with agricultural and crofting issues.
Is e Cùirt a' Mhorair Lìomhainn a' chùirt earraideach agus bidh Cùirt an Fhearainn a' làimhseachadh cùisean tuathanachais agus croitearachd.
Defunct courts include the Court of Exchequer and the Admiralty Court.
B' àbhaist Cùirt na Stàit-chiste agus Cùirt a' Chabhlaich a bhith ann, ach chan eil a-nis.
The Darien Scheme was an unsuccessful attempt by the Kingdom of Scotland to become a world trading nation by establishing a colony called "Caledonia" on the Isthmus of Panama on the Gulf of Darién in the late 1690s.
B' e Gnothach Dharien oidhirp mhì-shealbhach le Rìoghachd na h-Alba air tuineachas a stèidheachadh aig Aoidh Phanama ann an Camas Dharién aig deireadh na 17mh linn. Bha Darien air a mholadh le Sir Uilleam Paterson, stèidhichear Banca Shasainn, do na h-Albannaich mar àite a bha freagarrach ri malairt taobh an iar 's taobh an ear dà cheann Ameireagaidh.
The aim was for the colony to have an overland route that connected the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Bha dùil ann gum biodh an t-àite aig teis-meadhain malairt an t-saoghail, le longan a' luchdadh is a' di-luchdadh air costaichean a' Chuain Sèimh is a' Mhuir Charaibich.
From the beginning the undertaking was beset by poor planning and provisioning, divided leadership, lack of demand for trade goods, devastating epidemics of disease, and failure to anticipate the Spanish Empire's military response.
Aig a' cheann thall ge-tà, dh'fhàillig air an iomairt air sgàth cion taic bho Rìgh Uilleam III a dhiùlt gnùis a thoirt don ghnothach an dèidh gearanan bho mharsantaich Shasannach. Fhuair cuid de stàitean tìr-mòr Ameireagaidh agus cuid de na h-eileanan as fhaisge a bha fo uachdaranachd Shasainn òrdagh gun dad a reic ris an luchd-imrich. An ceann bliadhna, thug ionnsaighean leis na Spàinntich air na h-Albannaich gèilleadh agus an t-àite fhàgail aca.
It was finally abandoned in March 1700 after a siege by Spanish forces, which also blockaded the harbour.[1]
Bhàsaich mu 2,000 neach-imrich uile gu lèir le plàigh is gainne, agus ann an Alba, cha do shòr iad a' choire a chur air an Rìgh airson fàilligeadh na h-iomairt air fad.
As the Darien company was backed by 25–50% of all the money circulating in Scotland, its failure left the entire Lowlands almost completely ruined and was an important factor in weakening their resistance to the Act of Union (completed in 1707). The land where the Darien colony was built is virtually uninhabited today.
Bhon a chaidh cuid mhòr de mhaoin na dùthcha a chur an seilbh Gnothach Dharien, dh'fhàgadh mòran teaghlaichean beartach air Ghalltachd ann an cruaidh-chàs agus eaconamaidh na h-Alba gu math nas miosa dheth.
Darien scheme
Gnothach Dharien
A coup d'état (/ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ listen (help·info); French: [ku deta], literally "blow of state" or "hit of state"; plural: coups d'état, (pronounced like the singular form), also known simply as a coup (/ˌkuː/), putsch or an overthrow, is the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus.[1] A coup d'état is considered successful when the usurpers seize and hold power for at least seven days.[1]
Is e coup d'état (/ˌkuː deɪˈtɑː/ listen (help·info); French: [ku deta], gu litireil "buille stàite"; iolra: coups d'état, (air fhuaimneachadh coltach ris an riochd shingilte), ris an canar coup gu goirid (/ˌkuː/), glacadh stàite gu mì-laghail, follaiseach leis an arm no le dream aig ìre àrd am broinn na stàite.[1] Measar gun do shoirbhich le coup d'état nuair a ghlacas agus a chumas an luchd-ainneirt cumhachd airson seachd latha aig a' char as ghiorra. Ma thèid riaghaltas na stàite a chur fodha le làmhachas-làidir an airm, canar putsch ris san Fhraingis, facal Eilbheiseach-Gearmailteach. [1]
Types
Seòrsachan
A 2016 study categorizes coups into four possible outcomes:[12]
A rèir rannsachaidh an 2016, gheibhear ceithir builean a tha comasach ann an coup d'État:[12]
Failed coup.
Coup air fhàilligeadh.
No regime change. Such as when a leader is illegally shuffled out of power without changing the identity of the group in power or the rules for governing.
Riaghaltas gun atharrachadh. Nuair a thèid ceannard a chur à rèim gun atharrachadh a thoirt air a' bhannal a tha a' riaghladh no air an dòigh riaghlaidh.
Replacement of incumbent dictatorship with another.
Deachdaireachd eile air a cur an àite na tè a bh' ann.
Ouster of the dictatorship followed by democratization.
Fuadach às an deachdaireachd agus deamocrasaidh a' tighinn an lorg air sin.
The 2016 study found that about half of all coups — both during and after the Cold War — install new autocratic regimes.[12] New dictatorships launched by coups engage in higher levels of repression in the year that follows the coup than existed in the year leading to the coup.[12] One third of coups during the Cold War and 10 percent of post-Cold War coups reshuffled the regime leadership.[12] Democracies were installed in the wake of 12 percent of Cold War coups and 40 percent of the post-Cold War coups.[12]
Bidh deachdaireachdan ùra a thòisich le coup d'État a' sìor theannachadh air an t-sluagh sa bhliadhna às a dhèidh seach mar a bha sa bhliadhna ron choup. Cha do rinn treas cuid de na cuirean-fodha rè a' Chogaidh Fhuair agus 10 sa cheud dhiubh an dèidh a' Chogaidh Fhuair ach ath-mheasgachadh air ceannardas na rèisime. Chaidh riaghaltasan deamocratach a shuidheachadh an lorg air 12 sa cheud de chuirean-fodha a' Chogaidh Fhuair agus 40 sa cheud de na cuirean-fodha an dèidh a' Chogaidh Fhuair. [12]
Coup d'état
Cur-fodha stàite (Coup d'État)
Predictors of coups
Ro-fhios air cuirean-fodha
A 2003 review of the academic literature found that the following factors were associated with coups:
Ann an ath-sgrùdadh air an litreachas sgoilearach an 2003, fhuaras gun robh na leanas co-cheangailte ri cur-fodha na stàite:
officers' personal grievances military organizational grievances military popularity military attitudinal cohesiveness economic decline domestic political crisis contagion from other regional coups external threat participation in war foreign veto power and military's national security doctrine officers' political culture noninclusive institutions colonial legacy economic development undiversified exports officers' class composition military size strength of civil society regime legitimacy and past coups.[16]
gearanan oifigich air sgàth adhbharan pearsanta gearanan a thaobh eagrachadh an airm ìre meas air an arm co-ionannachd bheachdan an airm crìonadh eaconamach càs poilitigeach na dùthcha buaidh aig coup d'État eile san aon cheàrn bagairt bhon taobh a-muigh com-pàirt ann an cogadh comas veto aig dùthaich cèin agus prionnsapalan an airm a thobh tèarainteachd nàiseanta cultar poilitigeach nan oifigeach institiudan nach eil ion-ghabhalach dìleab colonaidheach leasachadh eaconamach às-bhathar gun chaochladh coimeasg clas nan oifigeach meud an airm neart an t-sluaigh dligheachd na rèisim agus cuirean-fodha a thachair roimhe [16]
A mikoshi (神輿?) is a divine palanquin (also translated as portable Shinto shrine). Shinto followers believe that it serves as the vehicle to transport a deity in Japan while moving between main shrine and temporary shrine during a festival or when moving to a new shrine.
Is e mikoshi (神輿?) seòrsa taisealain dhiadhaidh sa chreideamh Shinto a th' air a ghiùlan mar charbad gus spiorad dhè aiseag a-null bhon phrìomh naomh chobhan gu naomh chobhan sealadach rè matsuri (fèille) san Iapan, air neo, nuair a bhithear a' gluasad gu naomh chobhan ùr.
Often, the mikoshi resembles a miniature building, with pillars, walls, a roof, a veranda and a railing.
Tha gu tric coltas togalaich air mikoshi le colbhan, ballachan, mullach, for-uinneag is rèile.