Payalaran kadua Parusahaan Hindia Timur Britania ka Maluku bakajadian pas tahun 1604, wan antara tahun 1611 wan 1617 buhannya maulah pus pardagangan nang lain lagi di sabarataan wilayah nusantara. Pas ngini tu mulai parsaingan antara Inggris wan Walanda gasan mancari jalan masuk ka wilayah rarampah sabab ambisi munupuli bubuhan Walanda taancam.[1] Paampihannya, parjanjian diplumatik wan karjasama antara Walanda wan Inggris pasal pardagangan rarampah maulah paristiwa pambantaian Ambyona. Sapuluh ikung urang Inggris disiksa wan dibunuh sabab bakanca malawan pamarintah Walanda.
In 1604, a second British East India Company voyage to Maluku, and subsequent establishments of trading posts between 1611 and 1617 across the archipelago began Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices as the Dutch monopolistic ambitions were threatened.[1] Diplomatic agreements and co-operation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade ended with the Amboyna massacre where ten Englishmen were tortured and killed for conspiracy against the Dutch government, following which the English withdrew from their Indonesian activities (except in Banten).[3]
Pas tahun 1619, Jan Pieterszoon Coen dipilih jadi gubernur jendral VOC.
In 1619, Jan Pieterszoon Coen was appointed governor-general of the VOC.
Pas tanggal 30 Mei 1619, Coen didangani lawan sambilan walas kapal nang kuat manyarbu Jayakarta. Inya maundurakan buhan pasukan Banten, imbah ngitu baasa maulah Batavia gasan markasnya VOC.
On 30 May 1619, Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, stormed Jayakarta, driving out the Banten forces, and from the ashes, established Batavia as the VOC headquarters.
Parluasan
Expansion
Gambar Duit Perusahaan Hindia Timur Belanda tahun 1735
A 1735 Dutch East India Company Duit
Rancana Coen tamasuk manjadiakan Batavia ngitu jadi pusat pardagangan intra-Asia, mulai matan Jepang sampai Cina, Burma, kapulauan Indonesia, wan Ceylon sampai ka Persia. Coen manyuruh bagawi tantara bayaran matan Ambon wan bubuhan buruh Cina gasan mangambangakan pardagangan rarampah.
Coen's plans had included making Batavia the centre of intra-Asian trade spanning from Japan to China, Burma, Indonesian archipelago, and Ceylon as far as Persia, by employing Ambonese mercenary and Chinese labour to develop the spice trade.
Biar rancana ngini kada parnah tawujud, Coen kawa manjalanakan munupuli Walanda gasan pardagangan rarampah lawan cara basakutu ka Kasultanan Ternate pas tahun 1607. Tujuannya ngini gasan maatur pruduksi cangkih, wan manguasai Kapulauan Banda supaya kawa maatur pardagangan pala.
Although this plan was never realised, Coen managed to establish a Dutch monopoly of the spice trade through an alliance with Ternate Sultanate in 1607 to control the production of cloves, and the occupation of the Banda Islands gave control of the nutmeg trade.
Walanda marabut Malaka matan Portugis pas tahun 1641, maulah Walanda kawa maatur wilayah lautnya. Walanda wan Spanyol bamulai hual pas tahun 1600 gasan marabutakan wilayah ngitu.
The Dutch captured Melaka from the Portuguese in 1641 giving them control of the region's seas.[citation needed] Beginning in 1600, the Dutch came into conflict with the Spanish in the region.
Bubuhan armada Walanda manyarbu Filipina Spanyol, tapi sayang bubuhannya gagal. Imbah ngitu diadaakan kasapakatan damai pas tahun 1648, dingarani Pardamaian Westphalia.[1]
Several Dutch fleets invaded the Spanish Philippines, although these did not manage to capture territory there and peace was established in 1648 through the Peace of Westphalia.[5]
Pas partangahan abad ka-17, Batavia sudah jadi pusat pardagangan nang panting.
By the mid-17th century, Batavia had become an important trade centre.
Di wayah ngitu jua, bubuhan Walanda kawa manangkis panyarbuan matan karajaan Mataram Jawa.
It had repelled attacks from the Javanese Mataram kingdom.
Walanda manguasai kuta Makassar di Sulawesi pas tahun 1667, jadinya pardagangannya diatur VOC.
The Dutch defeated the Sulawesi city of Makassar in 1667, thus bringing its trade under VOC control.
Palabuhan-palabuhan di Sumatera gin jua dikuasai VOC wan Walanda maundurakan bubuhan Portugis paling pauncitan tahun 1660.
Sumatran ports were also brought under VOC control, and the last of the Portuguese were expelled in 1660.
Sabagai upah maatur munupuli pardaganngan sahang wan maundurakan bubuhan Inggris, Walanda mandangani anak lalakian panguasa Banten gasan maambil kakuasaan matan abahnya pas tahun 1680.
In return for monopoly control over the pepper trade and the expulsion of the British, the Dutch helped the son of the ruler of Banten overthrow his father in 1680.
Kabijakan VOC pas ngini adalah mamusatakan parhatiannya ka pus-pus pardagangan ampun bubuhannya wan kada u'umpatan marabuti wilayah nang mamakan kaongkos.
VOC policy at this time was to concentrate on its trading posts and to not become involved in costly territorial conquest.
Tapi, pas wayah ngitu, VOC jadi taumpat-umpat lawan pulitik dalam bubuhan Jawa wan taumpat jua di babarapa parang nang malibatakan bubuhan pamimpin Mataram wan Banten (Bantam).
However, the company became deeply involved in the internal politics of Java in this period, and fought in a number of wars involving the leaders of Mataram and Banten (Bantam).
VOC maolah kasapakatan wan susuhunan (raja) Mataram, karajaan nang paling bakuasa di Jawa. Karajaan ngini mambari ijin ka VOC haja gasan kapal-kapal bubuhan Walanda kawa badagang di Nusantara.
The VOC reached an accord with the susuhunan (king) of Mataram, Java's dominant kingdom, that only allowed Dutch ships to trade within the archipelago.
Biar VOC gagal mandapatan kakuasaan gasan maatur sabarataan pardagangan rarampah di Indonesia, tapi bubuhannya labih suksis pada bubuhan Portugis nang sabalumnya.
Although they failed to gain complete control of the Indonesian spice trade, they had much more success than the previous Portuguese efforts.
Bubuhan VOC rajin banar mamanpaatakan pambagian-pambagian karajaan-karajaan halus di Jawa nang manggantiakan karajaan Majapahit gasan maolah pajajakan nang tatap di Jawa, supaya tumbuh jadi karajaan kulunial nang babasis di daratan wan jadi salah sabuting parusahaan ampun kulunial nang paling sugih di dunia.[1]
They exploited the factionalisation of the small kingdoms in Java that had replaced Majapahit, establishing a permanent foothold in Java, from which grew a land-based colonial empire which became one of the world's richest colonial possessions.[6]
Pupulasi Subjik
Subject population
Ujar 'sensus panduduk tatambayan nang kawa diparcaya', wilayah Hindia Timur nang dikuasai Walanda baisi kurang labih 2 juta ikung panduduk pas tahun 1795, ada 1,5 juta ikung nang badiam di pantai timur laut Jawa.
According to the ‘first somewhat reliable census of population’, the Dutch-controlled regions of the East Indies contained slightly over 2 million inhabitants by 1795, with 1.5 million of these living on Java's northeastern coast.
Sensus nang imbah ngitu mahapaki jumlah matan sensus nang sabalumnya.
Later censuses suggested this number to be slightly underestimated.
Nang kaya Ceylon, hasil panilitian mudirin manunjukakan amun jumlah sabarataan pupulasi subjik VOC batambah matan 453.000–503.000 pas ahir abad katujuh walas jadi 2.445.000–2.902.000 pas ahir abad kalapan walas. Pas ahir abad ka-17, kabanyakan bubuhan VOC (300.000 ikung urang) badiam di Ceylon.
Counting its other territories such as Ceylon, modern research indicates that the overall size of the VOC subject population increased from 453,000–503,000 in the late seventeenth century to 2,445,000–2,902,000 in the late eighteenth century.
Pas ahir abad ka-18, pupulasi Ceylon Walanda bajumlah 350.000–817.000 ikung urang dibandingakan wan 2 juta panduduk Jawa (wan sisa masalah bubuhannya nang badiam di pulau-pulau Melayu nang lain, ditambah jumlah pupulasi nang sadikit 25,000 ikung urang di Koloni Tanjung, Afrika Selatan).[1]
In the late 17th century, the bulk of these (300,000) lived on Ceylon, while by the late 18th, Dutch Ceylon's population was 350,000–817,000 compared to their 2 million Javanese subjects (with the rest of their subjects living on other Malay islands, plus a minor population of 25,000 settlers in the Cape Colony).[7]
Parusahaan Hindia Timur Walanda (Basa Walanda: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, "Parsatuan Parusahaan India Timur"; VOC) mancungul di Kapulauan Melayu tahun 1610, pas pus pardagangan tatambayan didiriakan. Sampai tahun 1800, pas parusahaannya dibubarakan sabab bangkrut. Barataan ampun VOC baubah jadi ampun Hindia Walanda.
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, "United East India Company"; VOC) had a presence in the Malay Archipelago from 1610, when the first trading post was established, to 1800, when the bankrupt company was dissolved, and its possessions nationalised as the Dutch East Indies.
Prusis ngini dijalanakan wan cara maawasi wilayah nang ada di sapalihan nusantara, tarutamanya di Jawa.
By then it exerted territorial control over much of the archipelago, most notably on Java.
Dampak VOC
Impacts
Dampak VOC nang paling babakas banar gasan bubuhan pamarintahan asli Indonesia adalah tiknulugi bubuhan VOC, tarutama bidang parsanjataan wan parkapalan.
The most profound VOC impact on Indonesian native polities was their technology, especially in weaponry and shipping.
VOC nyata-nyata manampaiakan kaharatan karajaan pribumi nang mamakai tiknulugi ngini, tarutama karajaan di Maluku wan Jawa.
With this technology they were able to assert relative superiority upon native kingdoms, especially in the Mollucas and Java.
Biar panjajah nang tadahulu, bubuhan Portugis, VOC Walanda banyak mamakai tiknulugi ngini gasan marabuti kapulauan Indonesia wan bakalahi marabutakan babarapa palabuhan wan kuluni Portugis di Asia, nang kaya Malaka, Ceylon, wan Ambon.
Although firearms and cannons were already brought by previous European colonisers, the Portuguese, it was the Dutch VOC that used them quite extensively in their conquest on the Indonesian archipelago, as well as wrestled some of Portuguese ports and colonies in Asia, such as Malacca, Ceylon and Ambon.
VOC taumpat labih sarius ka masalah intrik karaton Mataram wan mamanpaatakan sakiranya kaluarga bubuhan karajaan Jawa kawa dibalah-balah, supaya bubuhannya kawa mandapatakan jajakan nang kuat di Jawa.
VOC involved deeper into the Mataram court's intrigue and exploited the Javanese royalties tendencies to disintegrate, allowing them to gain a firm foothold in Java.
Dampak matan VOC nang luar biasa lainnya adalah parubahan sistim pardagangan di kapulauan Indonesia.
Another VOC tremendous impact was the change of trade systems in the Indonesian archipelago.
VOC nang manatapakan kabijakan munupuli pardagangan rarampah jadinya musti mahapus sistim pardagangan sabalumnya nang malibatakan banyak palabuhan, karajaan, wan padagang.
By enforcing the monopoly policy on spice trade, VOC had to eradicate the previous trading system where large numbers of ports, kingdoms and traders participated.
Hal ngini maolah sikap kada katuju matan kabijakan pardagangan Asia, nang maolah VOC talibat saliritan partampuran wan parang marabuti wilayah.
This led to the opposition of Asian trading polities, which made VOC involved in a series of battles and conquests.
Bubuhan VOC hidup tapisah matan panduduk asli Indonesia, wan urang Walanda ngitu pusisinya labih randah di sistim status pribumi.
VOC personnel lived separate to indigenous Indonesians, and Dutch people ranked low in indigenous status systems.
VOC manganalakan ubjik, tiknik, wan urganisasi parusahaan ka masarakat Indonesia, tapi kada bapangaruh banar ka urang-urang Indonesia nang pintar.
As such, while the VOC introduced objects, techniques, and corporate organisation into Indonesian society, its impact on Indonesian thinkers was minimal.
Kabalikannya, pas bubuhan Eropa nang lain manyambati aturan utukrasi, hirarki, wan hak waris, VOC mainjam nilai-nilai ngini matan masarakat Indonesia.
Rather, at a time when Europe was denouncing autocratic rule, hierarchy and hereditary rights, the VOC borrowed these values from Indonesian societies.
Gubernur-jendral jadi kaya bangsawan wan kada maninggalakan pus nang bubuhannya diriakan. Nang kaya bangsawan Indonesia, bubuhannya mambari gawian ka bangsawan lukal wan agin Cina gasan maatur bubuhan buruh.[1]
Governors-general acted like royalty and did not leave the enclaves they had established, and like Indonesian royalty, they employed the local nobility and Chinese agents to organise labour.[8]
Catatan
Notes
Diakses tanggal 12 November 2010. ↑ Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
Retrieved 12 November 2010. ↑ Ames, Glenn J. (2008).
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. hlm. 102–103. ↑ Ricklefs, p.
The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700. pp. 102–103.
29 1 2 3 4 Ricklefs, p.
1 2 3 Ricklefs, p.
28. ↑ Newson, Linda A.
29 1 2 Ricklefs, p.
(April 16, 2009).
28. ↑ Newson, Linda A. (16 April 2009).
University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 34–35.
University of Hawaii Press. pp. 34–35.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press. hlm. 210–211.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 210–211.
ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
Jujuhutan
References
Latar Balakang
Background
Sabuah palayaran Walanda pas tahun 1596 nang sapalih anak buah kapal ampun buhannya matian, mambunuh saikung pangeran urang Jawa, wan imbah ngitu kahilangan sabuting kapal. Tapi, bubuhannya kawa babulik ka Ripublik Walanda babawaan rarampah. Jadinya, kauntungan matan ngitu maulah adanya parjalanan nang lain pulang.
A 1596 Dutch expedition lost half its crew, killed a Javanese prince and lost a ship but returned to the Dutch Republic with a load of spices, the profit from which encouraged other expeditions.