# en/ted2020-242.xml.gz
# tlh/ted2020-242.xml.gz
(src)="1"> There is nothing bigger or older than the universe .
(trg)="1"> ' u ' tIn law ' Hoch tIn puS . ' u ' qan law ' Hoch qan puS .
(src)="2"> The questions I would like to talk about are : one , where did we come from ?
(trg)="2"> vay ' vIghel vIneH , nuqDaq ' oH mungmaj 'e ' ?
(src)="3"> How did the universe come into being ?
(trg)="3"> chay ' chenpu ' ' u ' ? ' u 'Daq mamob 'a ' ?
(src)="5"> Is there alien life out there ?
(trg)="4"> latlh yuQmeyDaq yaghmey lutu 'lu ' ' a ' ?
(src)="6"> What is the future of the human race ?
(trg)="5"> nuq ' oH Human Segh San 'e ' ?
(src)="7"> Up until the 1920s , everyone thought the universe was essentially static and unchanging in time .
(trg)="6"> qaSpa ' tera ' maH DIS poH 1920 choHbe ' ' u ' ' e ' luHar Hoch .
(src)="8"> Then it was discovered that the universe was expanding .
(trg)="7"> SachtaH ' u ' ghIq net tu ' .
(src)="9"> Distant galaxies were moving away from us .
(trg)="8"> cholHa 'taH qIbmey Hop. vaj ' op poH ret wa ' DaqDaq Sumbej .
(src)="11"> If we extrapolate back , we find we must have all been on top of each other about 15 billion years ago .
(trg)="9"> mIwvam wInuDchugh , vaj ngoD wItlhoj : 15 000 000 000 ben wa ' DaqDaq Hoch qIbmey lutu 'lu ' . ngugh qaS SachchoHghach 'a ' , ' u ' chenchoHghach .
(src)="13"> But was there anything before the Big Bang ?
(trg)="10"> qaSpa ' SachchoHghach 'a ' , vay ' tu 'lu ' ' a ' ?
(src)="14"> If not , what created the universe ?
(trg)="11"> ngugh pagh tu 'lu 'chugh , ' u ' chenmoH nuq ?
(src)="15"> Why did the universe emerge from the Big Bang the way it did ?
(trg)="12"> qatlh ' u ' chenmoH SachchoHghach 'a ' , ' ej qatlh jaS chenbe ' ' u ' .
(src)="16"> We used to think that the theory of the universe could be divided into two parts .
(trg)="13"> cha ' ' ay 'mey ghaj ' u ' nger naQ ' e ' wIHarpu ' . chutmey 'e ' pabbogh ' u ' lutu 'lu ' .
(src)="17"> First , there were the laws like Maxwell 's equations and general relativity that determined the evolution of the universe , given its state over all of space at one time .
(trg)="14.1"> Maxwell ' ul peQ je nger .
(trg)="14.2"> Einstein tlham nger. latlh chutmey je. chutmeyvam pablu 'chu 'taH choHtaHvIS ' u ' Dotlh .
(src)="18"> And second , there was no question of the initial state of the universe .
(trg)="15"> chutmeyvam ' oH ' u ' nger naQ ' ay ' wa ' ' e ' . ' u ' Dotlh wa 'DIch ' oH ' ay ' cha ' ' e ' .
(src)="19"> We have made good progress on the first part , and now have the knowledge of the laws of evolution in all but the most extreme conditions .
(trg)="16"> ' ay ' wa ' wIyajchoHchu 'lI ' . ghu 'mey le ' wIyajchu 'be 'bogh lutu 'lu ' ' ach tlhoS choHtaHghach chutmey DIyaj .
(src)="20"> But until recently , we have had little idea about the initial conditions for the universe .
(trg)="17"> ' a qen ' u ' Dotlh wa 'DIch wISovbe 'chu ' . pImchugh chuqmey poHmey je ,
(src)="21"> However , this division into laws of evolution and initial conditions depends on time and space being separate and distinct .
(trg)="18"> vaj pIm nger ' ay 'mey . ' a chuqmey Da poHmey .
(src)="22"> Under extreme conditions , general relativity and quantum theory allow time to behave like another dimension of space .
(trg)="19"> ' e ' luchaw ' ngermey chu ' qaStaHvIS ghu 'mey le ' . vaj pImbe ' poHmey chuqmey je .
(src)="23"> This removes the distinction between time and space , and means the laws of evolution can also determine the initial state .
(trg)="20"> vaj chutmey DIyajchu 'DI ' , ' u ' Dotlh wa 'DIch wISovlaH. chen 'eghmoHlaH ' u ' .
(src)="24"> The universe can spontaneously create itself out of nothing .
(trg)="21.1"> nuq ' oHpu ' ' u ' Dotlh wa 'DIch 'e ' ?
(trg)="21.2"> DuH Dotlhmey law ' . ghaytan qaSbogh DuHmey lutu 'lu ' ' ej ghaytanHa ' qaSbogh DuHmey lutu 'lu ' .
(src)="25"> Moreover , we can calculate a probability that the universe was created in different states .
(trg)="22"> wISImlaH. chenpu 'DI ' ' u ' woj law ' tlhuDlu ' .
(src)="26"> These predictions are in excellent agreement with observations by the WMAP satellite of the cosmic microwave background , which is an imprint of the very early universe .
(trg)="23"> ' u ' Qup cha 'bogh mIllogh 'e ' luchenmoHmeH tejpu ' WMAP SIbDoH woj noch patmey lulo 'ta ' . ' u ' Qup qechmeymaj rurqu ' mIlloghvam .
(src)="27"> We think we have solved the mystery of creation .
(trg)="24"> chen 'eghmoHghach Qatlh wIyajlaw ' .
(src)="28"> Maybe we should patent the universe and charge everyone royalties for their existence .
(trg)="25"> chaq ' u ' ' oghlaHghach chaw ' wIDoQnIS ghIq maHvaD DIlnIS ' u ' Dabbogh Hoch 'e ' !
(src)="29"> I now turn to the second big question : are we alone , or is there other life in the universe ?
(trg)="26"> DaH potlh 'a ' cha ' vIqel : mamob 'a ' ? pagh latlh yuQmeyDaq yaghmey lutu 'lu ' ' a ' ?
(src)="30"> We believe that life arose spontaneously on the Earth , so it must be possible for life to appear on other suitable planets , of which there seem to be a large number in the galaxy .
(trg)="27"> tera 'Daq chenpu ' yaghmey. chenmoHta ' pagh . ' e ' wIHar. vaj chaq latlh yuQmeyDaq chenpu ' yaghmey . ' ej qIbmajDaq law 'law ' yuQmey 'e ' DablaHbogh yaghmey. chay ' chenpu ' yaghmey wa 'DIch ?
(src)="32"> We have two pieces of observational evidence on the probability of life appearing .
(trg)="28"> maSovbe ' . chenmeH yaghmey ' eb bopbogh De ' law ' ' e ' lu 'ang cha ' Dochmey :
(src)="33"> The first is that we have fossils of algae from 3.5 billion years ago .
(trg)="29.1"> wutlhDaq yagh Hegh chovnatlhmey DItu 'pu ' .
(trg)="29.2"> 3 500 000 000 ben Hegh yaghmeyvam .
(src)="34"> The Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago and was probably too hot for about the first half billion years .
(trg)="30"> 4 600 000 000 ben chen tera ' . qaStaHvIS 500 000 000 DIS , ghaytan tera ' luDablaHbe ' yaghmey ' Iqmo ' tuj .
(src)="35"> So life appeared on Earth within half a billion years of it being possible , which is short compared to the 10-billion-year lifetime of a planet of Earth type .
(trg)="31"> vaj DuHpu 'DI ' yIn , rInpa ' 500 000 000 DIS chenpu ' yaghmey. tera ' taHtaHghach poH nI ' law ' yaghmey taHbe 'taHghach poH nI ' puS , vaj nom chenpu ' yaghmey , DuHpu 'DI ' .
(src)="36"> This suggests that the probability of life appearing is reasonably high .
(trg)="32"> vaj qubbe 'law ' chenmeH yaghmey ' ebmey .
(src)="37"> If it was very low , one would have expected it to take most of the ten billion years available .
(trg)="33"> qubchugh bIH , ghaytanHa ' chen yaghmey QuptaHvIS tera ' .
(src)="38"> On the other hand , we don 't seem to have been visited by aliens .
(trg)="34"> ' a wej nuSuchbe 'law ' latlh yuQmey nganpu ' .
(src)="39"> I am discounting the reports of UFOs .
(trg)="35"> UFOmeyqoq vIqelbe 'taH. qatlh taQwI 'pu 'vaD neH ' ang 'egh Dujmeyvam ?
(src)="41"> If there is a government conspiracy to suppress the reports and keep for itself the scientific knowledge the aliens bring , it seems to have been a singularly ineffective policy so far .
(trg)="36"> novpu ' Sov peghtaH 'a ' qum ? nIDtaHchugh chaH , Qapbe 'law 'taH. novpu ' nejtaH SETI jInmol , ' ej vumqu 'taH tejpu ' ,
(src)="42"> Furthermore , despite an extensive search by the SETI project , we haven 't heard any alien television quiz shows .
(trg)="37"> ' a pagh nov ghe 'naQmey Qoypu ' chaH .
(src)="43"> This probably indicates that there are no alien civilizations at our stage of development within a radius of a few hundred light years .
(trg)="38"> ghu 'vammo ' wa ' ' e ' wIloylaH : ' op vatlh loghqam juchbogh moQ qoDDaq tayqeqmaj lururbogh tayqeqmey 'e ' lutu 'lu 'be ' .
(src)="44"> Issuing an insurance policy against abduction by aliens seems a pretty safe bet .
(trg)="39"> nov quchwI 'pu 'mo ' DuQanmeH negh yIDIlQo ' ! ghaytan ' utbe 'chu ' .
(src)="45"> This brings me to the last of the big questions : the future of the human race .
(trg)="40"> DaH potlh 'a ' natlIS vIqel : nuq ' oH Human Segh San 'e ' ?
(src)="46"> If we are the only intelligent beings in the galaxy , we should make sure we survive and continue .
(trg)="41"> qIbvamDaq QublaHbogh latlh yaghmey lutu 'lu 'be 'chugh , mataHnISqu ' !
(src)="47"> But we are entering an increasingly dangerous period of our history .
(trg)="42"> ' a QobtaH ghu 'maj. tlhoy law 'choHtaH roghvaHmaj ' ej tlhoy tera ' jo wInatlhtaH ,
(src)="48"> Our population and our use of the finite resources of planet Earth are growing exponentially , along with our technical ability to change the environment for good or ill .
(trg)="43"> ' ej chammaj ' Itlhmo ' yuQmaj wISIghlaHqu ' . wIDublaH ' ej wIQaw 'laH .
(src)="49"> But our genetic code still carries the selfish and aggressive instincts that were of survival advantage in the past .
(trg)="44"> ' a ' IwmajDaq numutmoHbogh Duj , nuvaQmoHbogh Duj je lutu 'lu 'taH , poH nI ' ret mataHmeH ' utmo ' Dujvam. qaStaHvIS vatlh DIS poH veb
(src)="50"> It will be difficult enough to avoid disaster in the next hundred years , let alone the next thousand or million .
(trg)="45.1"> Qugh 'a ' wIbotlaH 'a ' ?
(trg)="45.2"> Qatlh. qaStaHvIS ' uy ' DIS poH veb ...
(trg)="45.3"> Qatlhqu ' !
(src)="51"> Our only chance of long-term survival is not to remain inward-looking on planet Earth , but to spread out into space .
(trg)="46"> nI 'taHvIS poH , mataHtaHmeH latlh qo 'mey DIjaHnISqu ' . reH tera 'Daq maratlhlaHbe ' . potlh 'a 'meyvam DInuDchugh , vaj wa ' ' e ' wItlhoj :
(src)="52"> The answers to these big questions show that we have made remarkable progress in the last hundred years .
(trg)="47"> qaStaHvIS nungbogh vatlh DIS poH , Ser law ' wIta 'ta ' .
(src)="53"> But if we want to continue beyond the next hundred years , our future is in space .
(trg)="48"> ' a qaStaHvIS vatlh DIS poH veb mataH wIneHchugh , loghDaq ' oH Sanmaj 'e ' . loghDaq lujaH nuvpu ' vIneH
(src)="54"> That is why I am in favor of manned -- or should I say , personned -- space flight .
(trg)="49"> ngoDvammo ' . ' u ' vIyaj reH ' e ' vInID ' ej potlh 'a 'meyvam vIHaD
(src)="55"> All of my life I have sought to understand the universe and find answers to these questions .
(trg)="50.1"> qaStaHvIS yInwIj .
(trg)="50.2"> Do ' ' e ' botqu 'be ' ropwIj .
(src)="56"> I have been very lucky that my disability has not been a serious handicap .
(trg)="51"> chaq muQaH ropwIj .
(src)="57"> Indeed , it has probably given me more time than most people to pursue the quest for knowledge .
(trg)="52"> ropvammo ' qaStaHvIS nI 'bogh poHmey ' ej law 'bogh potlh 'a 'meyvam vIbuSlaH . ' u ' nger naQ ' oH ngoQ 'a ' ' e ' ,
(src)="58"> The ultimate goal is a complete theory of the universe , and we are making good progress .
(trg)="53.1"> ' ej Ser law ' wIta 'lI ' .
(trg)="53.2"> Su 'Ijpu 'mo ' Satlho ' .
(src)="60"> Chris Anderson : Professor , if you had to guess either way , do you now believe that it is more likely than not that we are alone in the Milky Way , as a civilization of our level of intelligence or higher ?
(trg)="54.1"> Chris Anderson : ghojmoHwI ' ' a ' wa ' DuH DawIv net poQchugh , ghaytan qIbmajDaq mamob 'a ' ? tayqeqmaj ' Itlh law ' Hoch ' Itlh puS .
(trg)="54.2"> DuH 'a ' ? chay ' bIHar ?
(src)="61"> This answer took seven minutes , and really gave me an insight into the incredible act of generosity this whole talk was for TED .
(trg)="55"> jangmeH vumta ' ghaH qaStaHvIS Soch tupmey. quvba ' ghojmoHwI ' ' a ' , TEDvaD SoQvam nI ' ghItlhta 'mo ' .
(src)="62"> Stephen Hawking : I think it quite likely that we are the only civilization within several hundred light years ; otherwise we would have heard radio waves .
(trg)="56"> Stephen Hawking : ghaytan ' op vatlh loghqam juchbogh moQ qoDDaq tayqeqmaj lururbogh tayqeqmey 'e ' lutu 'lu 'be ' nov jabbI 'IDmey DItu 'be 'pu 'mo ' . pagh chaq ngaj tayqeq yInmey
(src)="63"> The alternative is that civilizations don 't last very long , but destroy themselves .
(trg)="57.1"> Qaw ' ' eghmo ' .
(trg)="57.2"> CA : Hawking ghojmoHwI ' ' a ' , bIjangta 'mo ' qatlho ' .
(src)="65"> We will take it as a salutary warning , I think , for the rest of our conference this week .
(trg)="58"> ghuHvammo ' qaStaHvIS qepmaj mayep .
(src)="66"> Professor , we really thank you for the extraordinary effort you made to share your questions with us today .
(trg)="59"> ghojmoHwI ' ' a ' , SoQvam DaghermeH bIvumqu 'ta 'mo ' SoHvaD pItlho ' .
(src)="67"> Thank you very much indeed .
(trg)="60"> pItlho 'qu 'bej . ( quvmoHmeH wabmey )