# en/00iDnRJW8e8x.xml.gz
# sr/00iDnRJW8e8x.xml.gz
(src)="1"> Host :
(trg)="1"> Domaćin :
(src)="2"> TED is always about lifting humanity , and our next speaker is George Whitesides .
(trg)="2"> TED je uvek o unapređenju čovečanstva , a naš sledeći govornik je Džordž Vajtsajds .
(src)="3"> He 's listed as the professor of chemistry at Harvard , but any of you who have read his biography know , he 's so much more .
(trg)="3"> On je naveden kao profesor hemije na Harvardu , ali oni koji su čitali njegovu biografiju znaju da je on mnogo više .
(src)="4"> You can start with the fact that he founded 12 companies , that he has co- authored 950 scientific articles , or the fact that he is listed on 50 patents .
(trg)="4"> Možete krenuti od činjenice da je osnovao 12 kompanija , da je koautor 950 naučnih članaka , ili činjenice da je naveden na 50 patenata .
(src)="5"> But I think what he is going to talk about today is similar to what Hugo talked about , another way that the application of technology to today 's problems gives us all hope and optimism .
(trg)="5"> Ali mislim da će danas govoriti o nečemu sličnom onome što je Hugo govorio , o još jednom načinu na koji primena tehnologije na današnje probleme daje svima nadu i optimizam .
(src)="6"> I 'd like to introduce George Whitesides .
(trg)="6"> Predstavljam vam Džordža Vajtsajdsa .
(src)="7"> ( Applause )
(trg)="7"> ( Aplauz )
(src)="8"> George Whitesides :
(src)="9"> I am a wonk .
(trg)="8"> Džordž Vajtsajds :
(src)="10"> Started my career at MlT , I was quite at home there .
(trg)="10"> Počeo sam karijeru na MIT- u , osećao se kao kod kuće .
(src)="11"> And we are defined by a certain view of the world .
(trg)="11"> Nas definiše naš pogled na svet .
(src)="12"> And I will illustrate this in a way that 's relevant to what I want to talk about .
(trg)="12"> Ilustrovaću to na način koji je od važnosti za ono o čemu želim da govorim .
(src)="13"> A few years ago I spent my evening cleanin out my attic , and lifted some heavy stuff .
(trg)="13"> Pre nekoliko godina jedne večeri sam čistio tavan , i dizao neke teške stvari .
(src)="14"> In the middle of the night I woke up in agonized pain .
(trg)="14"> U sred noći sam se probudio u užasnim bolovima .
(src)="15"> And I thought , well I 've probably strained my back , but I wanted to be a responsible adult , so I went off to the local emergency room , and I learned something very interesting , which is that as a middle aged male , if you walk into the emergency room and say , " I think I might be having a heart attack , " all the people behind the desk actually stand up and do something .
(trg)="15"> I pomislio sam da sam istegao leđa , ali želeo sam da budem odgovoran i otišao sam u lokalnu hitnu pomoć .
(trg)="16"> Primetio sam nešto veoma zanimljivo , a to je da , ako sredovečni muškarac uđe u hitnu pomoć i kaže :
(trg)="17"> " Mislim da doživljavam srčani udar " , svi ljudi ustaju od stolova i preduzimaju nešto .
(src)="16"> It 's really impressive .
(trg)="18"> To je stvarno impresivno .
(src)="17"> ( Laughter )
(trg)="19"> ( Smeh )
(src)="18"> So , very sharp needles were stuck into veins , and electrodes were applied and very fancy equipment did fantastic stuff and - turns out I didn 't .
(trg)="20"> I tako , zabili su mi oštre igle u vene , priključili elektrode , i moderna oprema je radila fantastične stvari i ispostavilo se da nemam srčani udar .
(src)="19"> But I have to say , I loved the experience , because I 'm a wonk , that 's what I do .
(trg)="21"> Ali moram da kažem , svidelo mi se to iskustvo , zato što sam štreber , to je ono što ja radim .
(src)="20"> And it was very sophisticated , it would have been even more sophisticated had I actually had a heart attack , but it was also very , very expensive .
(trg)="22"> Bilo je vrlo sofisticirano , bilo bi čak sofisticiranije da sam zapravo imao srčani udar , ali je takođe bilo i veoma , veoma skupo .
(src)="21"> And imagine that you do the same thing in this environment , and the story is much more complicated .
(trg)="23"> I zamislite da isto radite u ovom okruženju , i priča je mnogo komplikovanija .
(src)="22"> There , the problem is basically solved by either you die or you don 't .
(trg)="24"> Ovde imate diva rešenja - preživite ili ne .
(src)="23"> The problem that I want to talk with you about is really the problem of :
(src)="24"> How does one supply healthcare in a world in which cost is everything ?
(trg)="25"> Problem o kome želim da vam pričam jeste zapravo problem kako pružiti zdravstvenu negu u svetu u kome je cena najvažnija .
(src)="25"> How do you do that ?
(trg)="26"> Kako to učiniti ?
(src)="26"> And the basic paradigm we want to suggest to you ,
(src)="27"> I want to suggest to you , is one in which you say that in order to treat disease you have to first know what you 're treating - that 's diagnostics - and then you have to do something .
(trg)="27"> A osnovna paradigma koju želimo da vam predložimo - koju ja želim da vam predložim - jeste ona da ako želite da lečite neku bolest morate prvo da znate šta lečite - to je dijagnostika - a onda morate nešto da učinite .
(src)="28"> So , the program that we 're involved in is something which we call
(src)="29"> Diagnostics for All , or zero- cost diagnostics .
(trg)="28"> Tako da je program u koji smo uključeni nešto što nazivamo dijagnostika za sve ili dijagnostika koja ne košta ništa .
(src)="30"> How do you provide medically relevant information at as close as possible to zero cost ?
(trg)="29"> Kako pružiti medicinski relevantnu informaciju skoro besplatno ?
(src)="31"> How do you do it ?
(trg)="30"> Kako to učniti ?
(src)="32"> There are a number of reasons for doing this kind of thing , other than this , and I want to return to one of these at the end .
(trg)="31"> Postoji mnogo razloga za ovo , za rađenje ovoga .
(trg)="32"> Vratiću se na jedan od njih na kraju .
(src)="33"> Let me just give you two examples .
(trg)="33"> Navešću vam dva primera .
(src)="34"> The rigors of military medicine are not so dissimilar from the third world - poor resources , a rigorous environment , a series of problems in lightweight , and things of this kind - and also not so different from the home healthcare and diagnostic system world .
(trg)="34"> Poteškoće vojne medicine se ne razlikuju mnogo od trećeg sveta - slabi resursi , surovo okruženje , niz problema zbog težine i takve vrste stvari .
(trg)="35"> I takođe ne toliko različit od zdravstvene nege u domu i sveta dijagnostičkog sistema .
(src)="35"> So , the technology that I want to talk about is for the third world , for the developing world , but it has , I think , much broader application , because information is so important in the healthcare system .
(trg)="36"> I zato je tehnologija o kojoj želim da vam pričam za treći svet , za zemlje u razvoju , ali ima , mislim , mnogo širu primenu , jer su informacije veoma važne u sistemu zdravstvene nege .
(src)="36"> So what would have been the equivalent of the laboratory that did the diagnosis in the Newton hospital ?
(trg)="37"> I šta bi bio ekvivalent
(trg)="38"> laboratorije koja je radila dijagnozu u bolnici Njutn ?
(src)="37"> And , you see two examples here .
(trg)="39"> I tako vidite dva primera ovde .
(src)="38"> One is a lab that is actually a fairly high- end laboratory in Africa .
(trg)="40"> Jedan je zapravo relativno napredna laboratorija u Africi .
(src)="39"> The second is basically an entrepreneur who is set up and doing who- knows- what in a table in a market .
(trg)="41"> Drugi je u suštini preduzetnik koji je postavio stvari i radi ko zna šta na pijačnoj tezgi .
(src)="40"> I don 't know what kind of healthcare is delivered there .
(trg)="42"> Ne znam koja se vrsta zdravstvene nege ovde pruža .
(src)="41"> But it 's not really what is probably most efficient .
(trg)="43"> Ali nije baš ono što je verovatno najefikasnije .
(src)="42"> What is our approach ?
(trg)="44"> Koji je naš pristup ?
(src)="43"> And the way in which one typically approaches a problem of lowering cost , starting from the perspective of the United States , is to take our solution , and then to try to cut cost out of it .
(trg)="45"> I način na koji se obično pristupa problemu smanjenja cene , posmatrajući stvari iz perspektive Sjedinjenih Država , jeste da se uzme naše rešenje , a onda pokuša da se smanji cena .
(src)="44"> No matter how you do that , you 're not going to start with a 100, 000- dollar instrument and bring it down to no- cost .
(trg)="46"> Bez obzira kako to učinite nećete početi sa instrumentom od 100 . 000 dolara i učiniti ga besplatnim .
(src)="45"> It isn 't going to work .
(trg)="47"> To neće moći .
(src)="46"> So , the approach that we took was the other way around .
(trg)="48"> I zato smo mi pristupili obrnuto .
(src)="47"> To ask , " What is the cheapest possible stuff that you could make a diagnostic system out of , and get useful information , add function ? "
(trg)="49"> Zapitali smo se :
(trg)="50"> " Od čega bi se najjefitinije mogao napraviti dijagnostički sistem , za dobijanje korisnih informacija , dodavanje funkcija ? "
(src)="48"> And what we 've chosen is paper .
(trg)="51"> I odabrali smo papir .
(src)="49"> What you see here is a prototypic device .
(trg)="52"> Ovo je prototipski uređaj .
(src)="50"> It 's about a centimeter on the side .
(trg)="53"> On je oko jednog centimetra sa jedne strane .
(src)="51"> It 's about the size of a fingernail , I 'll show you a picture in a moment .
(trg)="54"> I veličine je nokta .
(src)="52"> The lines around the edges are a polymer .
(trg)="55"> Linije oko ivice su polimer .
(src)="53"> It 's made of paper and paper , of course , wicks fluid , as you know , paper , cloth - drop wine on the tablecloth , and the wine wicks all over everything .
(trg)="56"> Napravljen je od papira , a papir naravno sprovodi tečnost .
(trg)="57"> Kao što znate , papir , tkanina , ako prospete vino po stolnjaku , vino svuda prodire .
(src)="54"> Put it on your shirt , it ruins the shirt .
(trg)="58"> Ako ga prospete na košulju , uništiće je .
(src)="55"> That 's what a hydrophilic surface does .
(trg)="59"> To radi hidrofilna površina .
(src)="56"> So , in this device the idea is that you drip the bottom end of it in a drop of , in this case , urine .
(trg)="60"> Zato , kod ovog uređaja ideja jeste da kapnete na donjem kraju , kapljicu u ovom slučaju , urina .
(src)="57"> The fluid wicks its way into those chambers at the top .
(trg)="61"> Tečnost prodire do onih komora na vrhu .
(src)="58"> The brown color indicates the amount of glucose in the urine , the blue color indicates the amount of protein in the urine .
(trg)="62"> Smeđa boja pokazuje količinu glukoze u urinu .
(trg)="63"> Plava boja pokazuje količinu proteina u urinu .
(src)="59"> And the combination of those two is a first order shot at a number of useful things that you want .
(trg)="64"> A kombinacija ove dve , je prvi u nizu pokušaja dobijanja onih korisnih stvari koje želite .
(src)="60"> So , this is an example of a device made from a simple piece of paper .
(trg)="65"> Znači , ovo je primer uređaja od jednostavnog komada papira .
(src)="61"> Now , how simple can you make the production ?
(trg)="66"> Koliko jednostavna može biti proizvodnja ?
(src)="62"> Why do we choose paper ?
(trg)="67"> Zašto smo odabrali papir ?
(src)="63"> There 's an example of the same thing on a finger , showing you basically what it looks like .
(trg)="68"> Evo primera iste stvari , na prstu koja vam pokazuje u suštini kako izgleda .
(src)="64"> One reason for using paper is that it 's everywhere .
(trg)="69"> Jedan razlog za upotrebu papira jeste da ga ima svuda .
(src)="65"> We have made these kinds of devices using napkins and toilet paper and wraps , and all kinds of stuff .
(trg)="70"> Napravili smo ove vrste uređaja koristeći salvete i toalet papir i papir za uvijanje , razne vrste stvari .
(src)="66"> So , the production capability is there .
(trg)="71"> Znači proizvodni kapacitet postoji .
(src)="67"> The second is , you can put lots and lots of tests in a very small place .
(trg)="72"> Drugo , možete staviti zaista mnogo testova na veoma mali prostor .
(src)="68"> I 'll show you in a moment that the stack of paper there would probably hold something like 100, 000 tests , something of that kind .
(trg)="73"> Pokazaću vam za trenutak kako bi ona gomila papira tamo mogla da sadrži nekih 100 . 000 testova , nešto tako .
(src)="69"> And then finally , a point that you don 't think of so much in developed world medicine : it eliminates sharps .
(trg)="74"> I na kraju , nešto o čemu ne mislimo toliko u medicini razvijenog sveta , ovo ukida potrebu za oštrim predmetima .
(src)="70"> And what sharps means is needles , things that stick .
(trg)="75"> A pod time podrazumevam igle , stvari koje bodu .
(src)="71"> If you 've taken a sample of someone 's blood and the someone might have hepatitis C , you don 't want to make a mistake and stick it in you .
(trg)="76"> Ako ste uzeli uzorak nečije krvi , a taj neko možda ima hepatitis C , ne želite da napravite grešku i da se ubodete time .
(src)="72"> You don 't want to do that .
(trg)="77"> To zaista ne želite .
(src)="73"> So , how do you dispose of that ?
(trg)="78"> I kako onda to ukloniti ?
(src)="74"> It 's a problem everywhere .
(trg)="79"> To je svuda problem .
(src)="75"> And here you simply burn it .
(trg)="80"> Ovde ga jednostavno spalite .
(src)="76"> So , it 's a sort of a practical approach to starting on things .
(trg)="81"> To je neka vrsta praktičnog pristupa započinjanju stvari .
(src)="77"> Now , you say , " If paper is a good idea , other people have surely thought of it . "
(trg)="82"> Možda mislite , ako je papir tako dobra ideja , sigurno bi ga se neko već setio .
(src)="78"> And the answer is , of course , yes .
(trg)="83"> I odgovor je , naravno , jeste .
(src)="79"> Those half of you , roughly , who are women , at some point may have had a pregnancy test .
(trg)="84"> Polovina vas , otprilike , koje su žene , u nekom trenutku ste možda obavile test trudnoće .
(src)="80"> Probably had several .
(trg)="85"> Možda čak i nekoliko .
(src)="81"> And the most common of these is in a device that looks like the thing on the left .
(trg)="86"> A najćešći od ovih jeste u uređaju koji izgleda kao ovo s leva .
(src)="82"> It 's something called a lateral flow immunoassay .
(trg)="87"> To je nešto što se naziva imunološka analiza uz pomoć bočnog toka
(src)="83"> In that particular test , urine either , containing a hormone called HCG , does or does not flow across a piece of paper .
(trg)="88"> I u tom konkretnom testu urin , koji sadrži ili ne , hormon HCG , teče preko parčeta papira .
(src)="84"> And there are two bars .
(trg)="89"> I postoje dve crte .
(src)="85"> One indicates that the test is working , and if the second bar shows up , you 're pregnant .
(trg)="90"> Jedna crta pokazuje da test radi .
(trg)="91"> I ako se druga pojavi , znači da ste trudni .
(src)="86"> This is a terrific kind of test in a binary world , and the nice thing about pregnancy is either you are pregnant or you 're not pregnant .
(trg)="92"> To je izvrstan test za binarni svet .
(trg)="93"> I lepa stvar kod trudnoće jeste da ste trudni ili niste .
(src)="87"> You 're not partially pregnant or thinking about being pregnant or something of that sort .
(trg)="94"> Ne možete bili pomalo trudni ili razmišljati o tome da budete trudni ili nešto tog tipa .
(src)="88"> So , it works very well there , but it doesn 't work very well when you need more quantitative information .
(trg)="95"> I zato ovde dobro funkcioniše .
(trg)="96"> Ali ne radi tako dobro kada su vam potrebne kvantitativnije informacije .
(src)="89"> There are also dipsticks , but if you look at the dipsticks , they 're for another kind of urine analysis .
(trg)="97"> Takođe postoje gradirani merači .
(trg)="98"> Ali ako ih pogledate , oni služe za drugu vrstu analize urina .
(src)="90"> There are an awful lot of colors and things like that .
(trg)="99"> Postoji jako mnogo boja i takvih stvari .
(src)="91"> What do you actually do about that in a difficult circumstance ?
(trg)="100"> Šta zapravo možete da učinite u vezi s tim u teškim okolnostima ?
(src)="92"> So , the approach that we started with is to ask :
(src)="93"> Is it really practical to make things of this sort ?
(trg)="101"> I tako pristup sa kojim smo počeli , jeste da pitamo da li je zaista praktično praviti ovakvu vrstu stvari ?
(src)="94"> And that problem is now , in a purely engineering way , solved .
(trg)="102"> I taj problem je sada , iz čisto inženjerskog ugla , rešen .
(src)="95"> And the procedure that we have is simply to start with paper .
(trg)="103"> I procedura koju imamo jeste da se jednostavno počne sa papirom .
(src)="96"> You run it through a new kind of printer called a wax printer .
(trg)="104"> Provučete ga kroz novu vrstu štampača koji se zove voštani štampač .
(src)="97"> The wax printer does what looks like printing .
(trg)="105"> Voštani štampač radi nešto što izgleda kao štampanje .
(src)="98"> It is printing .
(trg)="106"> To jeste štampanje .
(src)="99"> You put that on , you warm it a little bit , the wax prints through so it absorbs into the paper , and you end up with the device that you want .
(trg)="107"> Stavite to , malo ga zagrejete .
(trg)="108"> Vosak prodire pa se apsorbuje u papir .
(trg)="109"> I dobijete uređaj koji želite .
(src)="100"> The printers cost 800 bucks now .
(trg)="110"> Štampači sada koštaju 800 dolara .
(src)="101"> We estimate that if you were to run them 24 hours a day they 'd make about 10 million tests a year .
(trg)="111"> Oni prave , mi procenjujemo ako ga koristite 24 sata dnevno nekih 10 miliona testova godišnje .
(src)="102"> So , it 's a solved problem , that particular problem is solved .
(trg)="112"> Problem rešen .
(trg)="113"> Ovaj konkretan problem je rešen .
(src)="103"> And there is an example of the kind of thing that you see .
(trg)="114"> I postoji primer vrste stvari koju vidite .
(src)="104"> That 's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper .
(trg)="115"> To je samo na parčetu papira 8 sa 12 .