# en/Ct0tEeT9PWiY.xml.gz
# mlg/Ct0tEeT9PWiY.xml.gz
(src)="1"> I 'd like to talk to you today about the scale of the scientific effort that goes into making the headlines you see in the paper .
(trg)="1"> Ny tiako ho resahina androany dia ny lanjan´ ireo ezaka ataon 'ny mpikaroka nahatongavana amin 'ireo lohatenin- dahatsoratra hitanareo amin 'ny gazety .
(src)="2"> Headlines that look like this when they have to do with climate change , and headlines that look like this when they have to do with air quality or smog .
(trg)="2"> Toy izato ireo lohateny rehefa ny fiovan 'ny toetrandro no resahina , ary toy izatsy kosa rehefa momba ny hatsaran 'ny rivotra iainana na momba ny " smog " ( zavona arahin- tsetroka ) .
(src)="3"> They are both two branches of the same field of atmospheric science .
(trg)="3"> Samy sampana avy amin 'ny taranja siansan 'ny atmôsfera izy roa ireo .
(src)="4"> Recently the headlines looked like this when the Intergovernmental
(src)="5"> Panel on Climate Change , or IPCC , put out their report on the state of understanding of the atmospheric system .
(trg)="4"> Vao vetivety izay no nahitana lohateny toy izao raha nanao tatitra momba ny fahazoana ny firafitra sy fiasan 'ny atmosfera ny IPCC , vondrona mpikaroka iraisam- pirenena manaraka ny fiovan 'ny toetrandro .
(src)="6"> That report was written by 620 scientists from 40 countries .
(trg)="5"> Mpahay siansa 620 avy amin 'ny firenena 40 no nanoratra ity tatitra ity .
(src)="7"> They wrote almost a thousand pages on the topic .
(trg)="6"> Mahatratra arivo pejy eo ho eo ity tatitra ity .
(src)="8"> And all of those pages were reviewed by another 400- plus scientists and reviewers , from 113 countries .
(trg)="7"> Ary mpanitsy sy mpahay siansa maherin 'ny 400 , avy amin 'ny firenena 113 no nanitsy an' ireo takelaka ireo .
(src)="9"> It 's a big community .
(trg)="8"> Fivondronambe izany .
(src)="10"> It 's such a big community , in fact , that our annual gathering is the largest scientific meeting in the world .
(trg)="9"> Lehibe tokoa , hany ka rehefa misy ny fivoriana fanaonay isan- taona , dia io no fivondronan 'ny mpahay siansa lehibe indrindra eto an- tany .
(src)="11"> Over 15, 000 scientists go to San Francisco every year for that .
(trg)="10"> Mpahay siansa 15 . 000 mahery no mankany San Francisco isan- taona hamonjy azy io .
(src)="12"> And every one of those scientists is in a research group , and every research group studies a wide variety of topics .
(trg)="11"> Ary ny tsirairay amin 'ireo mpahay siansa ireo dia ao anatin 'ny vondrom- pikaroka , ary ny vondrom- pikaroka tsirairay avy dia mikaroka lohahevitra samihafa .
(src)="13"> For us at Cambridge , it 's as varied as the El Niño oscillation , which affects weather and climate , to the assimilation of satellite data , to emissions from crops that produce biofuels , which is what I happen to study .
(trg)="12"> Ho anay ao Cambridge , dia toy ny fiovaovan 'ny El Niño izany lohahevitra izany , mahakasika ny toetrandro , ny famotopotorana ireo vokatra azo avy amin 'ny zana- bolana , hatramin 'ireo entona avy amin 'ny fambolena izao azo anaovana solika voajanahary , izay efa nanaovako fikarohana .
(src)="14"> And in each one of these research areas , of which there are even more , there are PhD students , like me , and we study incredibly narrow topics , things as narrow as a few processes or a few molecules .
(trg)="13"> Ary ao amin 'ireo seha- pikarohana tsirairay avy ireo , dia misy ireo mpianatra ho PhD ( dokotera ) , toa ahy , izay mandinika lohahevitra farak 'izay bitika , bitika toy ny sela vitsivitsy .
(src)="15"> And one of the molecules I study is called isoprene , which is here .
(src)="16"> It 's a small organic molecule .
(trg)="14"> Ary isan 'ireo sela anaovako fikarohana ny " isoprène " , izay hitantsika eto . sela organika kely izy ity .
(src)="17"> You 've probably never heard of it .
(trg)="15"> Mety mbola tsy henonareo akory ny momba azy .
(src)="18"> The weight of a paper clip is approximately equal to 900 zeta- illion -- 10 to the 21st -- molecules of isoprene .
(trg)="16"> Ny lanjan 'ny " trombone " iray dia mitovy lanja amin 'ny sela " isoprène " 900 zeta- illion -- faha- 10hatramin´ny faha- 21 eo ho eo .
(src)="19"> But despite its very small weight , enough of it is emitted into the atmosphere every year to equal the weight of all the people on the planet .
(trg)="17"> Saingy na maivan- danja ary izy io , dia betsaka ihany ny votsotra mankany amin 'ny atmosfera isan- taona ka mitovy amin 'ny lanjan´ny olona rehetra eto an- tany .
(src)="20"> It 's a huge amount of stuff .
(trg)="18"> Betsaka ihany izany .
(src)="21"> It 's equal to the weight of methane .
(trg)="19"> Mitovy lanja lanja amin 'ny " méthane " .
(src)="22"> And because it 's so much stuff , it 's really important for the atmospheric system .
(trg)="20"> Ary noho izy betsaka izay , dia tena misy vokany tokoa amin 'ny firafitry ny atmosfera .
(src)="23"> Because it 's important to the atmospheric system , we go to all lengths to study this thing .
(trg)="21"> Noho izy misy vokany eo amin 'ny atmosfera izay , no nandihanay manokana ity zavatra ity .
(src)="24"> We blow it up and look at the pieces .
(trg)="22"> Nozahana akaiky izy io ary nojerena ireo singa rehetra ao aminy .
(src)="25"> This is the EUPHORE Smog Chamber in Spain .
(trg)="23"> Ito ny EUPHORE Smog Chamber any Espana .
(src)="26"> Atmospheric explosions , or full combustion , takes about 15, 000 times longer than what happens in your car .
(trg)="24"> Ny fipoahan 'ny atmosfera , na ny firehetana feno , dia mitaky fotoana lava 15 . 000 heny noho ny mitranga ao amin 'ny fiaranareo .
(src)="27"> But still , we look at the pieces .
(trg)="25"> Na izany aza , mizaha ireo singa izahay .
(src)="28"> We run enormous models on supercomputers ; this is what I happen to do .
(trg)="26"> Mampiasa solosaina goavana izahay hijerena ny fiasan 'ny modely goavana ihany koa .
(src)="29"> Our models have hundreds of thousands of grid boxes calculating hundreds of variables each , on minute timescales .
(trg)="27"> Ny modely ampiasanay dia misy " mailles de grilles " aman' hetsiny izay natao hikajikajiana " variables " aman- jatony , isa- minitra .
(src)="30"> And it takes weeks to perform our integrations .
(src)="31"> And we perform dozens of integrations in order to understand what 's happening .
(trg)="28"> Herinandro maro vao vita ny fampidirana ny vokatra . ary fampirana vokatra am- polony no atao vao azo tsara ny zava- mitranga .
(src)="32"> We also fly all over the world looking for this thing .
(trg)="29"> Manao sidina ihany koa izahay eran 'izao tontolo izao , mitady azy io ihany .
(src)="33"> I recently joined a field campaign in Malaysia .
(trg)="30"> Vao vetivety aho izay no nirotsaka an- tsehatra tany Malaysie .
(src)="34"> There are others .
(trg)="31"> Ary misy hafa ihany koa .
(src)="35"> We found a global atmospheric watchtower there , in the middle of the rainforest , and hung hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of scientific equipment off this tower , to look for isoprene , and of course , other things while we were there .
(trg)="32"> Nahita tilikambo fiambenana ahafahana mizaha ny atmosfera eran- tany izahay tany , tany afovoan 'ny ala mando tany , ary fitaovana ara- tsiansa manokana mitentina an- jatony dôlara any ho any no nahantona tamin 'io tilikambo be io hitadiavana ny " isoprène " , ary , mazava ho azy , hitadiavana zavatra hafa ihany koa , rehefa teo ihany .
(src)="36"> This is the tower in the middle of the rainforest , from above .
(trg)="33"> Ito ilay tilikambo be raha jerena avy ambony .
(src)="37"> And this is the tower from below .
(trg)="34"> Ary ito kosa raha avy ambany .
(src)="38"> And on part of that field campaign we even brought an aircraft with us .
(trg)="35"> Ary nampiasa fiaramanidina mihitsy ary izahay nadritry ny ampahany tamin 'io firotsahana an- tsehatra io .
(src)="39"> And this plane , the model , BA146 , which was run by FAAM , normally flies 120 to 130 people .
(trg)="36"> Fiaramanidina , BA146 , izay FAAM no nanamory azy , ary mahazaka olona 120 hatramin 'ny 130 .
(src)="40"> So maybe you took a similar aircraft to get here today .
(trg)="37"> Mety fiaramanidina toy io ihany koa no ho raisinareo raha mankany ianareo ankehitriny .
(src)="41"> But we didn 't just fly it .
(src)="42"> We were flying at 100 meters above the top of the canopy to measure this molecule -- incredibly dangerous stuff .
(trg)="38"> Saingy tsy hoe nitaingina fotsiny izahay , fa nanidina 100 metatra ambonin 'ny tendron´ny hazo tao an' ala handrefesana io môlekiola io -- mampidi- doza ihany ilay izy .
(src)="43"> We have to fly at a special incline in order to make the measurements .
(trg)="39"> Misy fitongilanana tsy maintsy notazomina mba ahafahana manao ny fandrefesana .
(src)="44"> We hire military and test pilots to do the maneuvering .
(trg)="40"> Mpanamory miaramila sy " pilotes d' essai " no niara- niasa taminay .
(src)="45"> We have to get special flight clearance .
(trg)="41"> Tsy maintsy tandremana ihany koa ny elanelana aroloza .
(src)="46"> And as you come around the banks in these valleys , the forces can get up to two Gs .
(trg)="42"> Rehefa manodidina ireo lohasaha izahay dia mahatratra 2G ny hery misintona .
(src)="47"> And the scientists have to be completely harnessed in in order to make measurements while they 're on board .
(trg)="43"> Ary tsy maintsy nampiasa " harnais de sécurité " ireo mpikaroka ahafahany manao ny fandrefesana avy ao amin 'ilay fiaramanidina .
(src)="48"> So , as you can imagine , the inside of this aircraft doesn 't look like any plane you would take on vacation .
(src)="49"> It 's a flying laboratory that we took to make measurements in the region of this molecule .
(trg)="44"> Azonareo an- tsaina angamba , fa tsy mitovy amin 'ny firamanidina fitsangatsanganana mahazatra ny ao anatin 'ilay fiaramanidina nampiasanay . toy ny labôratoara manidina mihitsy no nampiasaina ahafahana mandrefy an' ilay môlekiola any amin 'ny faritra misy azy .
(src)="50"> We do all of this to understand the chemistry of one molecule .
(trg)="45"> Izany rehetra izany no natao mba ahazoana tsara ny fiasan 'io môlekiola io .
(src)="51"> And when one student like me has some sort of inclination or understanding about that molecule , they write one scientific paper on the subject .
(trg)="46"> Ary rehefa misy mpianatra mpikaroka iray , toa ahy , mahita sombim- pahalalàna momba io môlekiola io , dia mamoaka lahatsotra siantifika momba izany .
(src)="52"> And out of that field campaign we 'll probably get a few dozen papers on a few dozen processes or molecules .
(trg)="47"> Ary tamin 'io firotsahana an- tsehatra io , dia lahatsotra siantifika am- polony eo ho eo , mahakasika ny endrika fiasa am- polony momba io môlekiola io no azo .
(src)="53"> And as a body of knowledge builds up , it will form one subsection , or one sub- subsection of an assessment like the IPCC , although we have others .
(trg)="48"> Ary rehefa mitambatra ireo fahalalàna ireo , dia manome zana- pizaràna iray , na zana- pizaràna iray ao amin 'ny fanombanana toy ny IPCC , na dia misy hafa koa aza .
(src)="54"> And each one of the 11 chapters of the IPCC has six to ten subsections .
(trg)="49"> Ary ny tsirairay amin 'ireo toko 11 ao amin 'ny IPCC dia mizara zana- pizaràna 6 .
(src)="55"> So you can imagine the scale of the effort .
(trg)="50"> Hitanareo amin' izany ny haben 'ny ezaka sy asa ao ambadika .
(src)="56"> In each one of those assessments that we write , we always tag on a summary , and the summary is written for a non- scientific audience .
(trg)="51"> Ao amin 'ny tsirairay amin 'ireo fanombanana soratanay , dia asianay marika foana ny famintinana , ary natokana ho an 'ny mpamaky tsotra io famintinana io .
(src)="57"> And we hand that summary to journalists and policy makers , in order to make headlines like these .
(trg)="52"> Ary atolotray mpanao gazety sy mpamoron- dalàna io famintinana io , ahafahana mamoaka lohatenin- dahatsoratra toa itony .
(src)="58"> Thank you very much .
(trg)="53"> Misaotra betsaka .
(src)="59"> ( Applause )
(trg)="54"> ( Tehaka Mirefodreafotra )
# en/FPxx70S6Q1Gz.xml.gz
# mlg/FPxx70S6Q1Gz.xml.gz
(src)="1"> I think what is probably the most misunderstood concept in all of science and , as we all know , is now turning into one of the most contentious concepts - may be not in science , but in our popular culture - is the idea of evolution .
(trg)="1"> Ny zavatra tena tsy azon- tsika amin 'ny siansa ary lasa fifan- dirana mitsy aza izany izao mety tsy amin 'ny siansa irery iany fa amin 'ny fiainana an- davan 'andro koa e ! ilay hevitra hoe " evolution "
(src)="2"> Evolution .
(src)="3"> And whenever we hear this word - I mean : even if we don 't hear in in the biological context - , we imagine that something is changing , it is evolving , and so when people use the word evolution in its everyday context , they think of this notion of change that , you know , - this is going to test my drawing ability - , but they , you know :
(src)="4"> You see an ape , bent over , we 've all seen this picture at the natural museum and he is walking hunchback like that , and his head 's bent down , and
(trg)="2"> Evolution ary isaka isika maheno an 'io teny io ; na dia tsy amin 'ny biolgy irery iany aza dia ny zavatra tonga ao anatin 'ny sain- tsika dia misy zavatra miova ao , misy fivoarana ao . ka izany fivoarana izany ny fahazahoan 'olona an´i teny " évolution" amin 'ny fiainana an- davan 'andro eny ary e ! ao asehoko zavatra kely ianareo itanao tsara angamba ity sarina gidro ity ,, an- tsika rehetra dia samy efa nahita an' izany gidro izany tany amin' ireny " musée " na tany " Antsibazaza ! ary mivokona izy rehefa mandeha ,, ny lohany mibiloka manao izay vitako zah amin 'ny sary ity .. io izany gidro zany ,, mety manao satroka koa izy de etsy akaiky etsy indray dia misy sary anakiray maneho anazy miova tsikelikly ary miha mahitsy ka farany lasa nivadika bandy kely bogosy , ravoravo fa andeha am- piasana ka zao izy lasa mandeha mahitsy tsara ,, ary tsy aleo ve moa mandeha mahitsy tsara toa izay miondrika ,, ary tsisy rambo intsony ledala . ao esorintsika izany fa ity bandy ray ity mbola misy rambo ao amboariko tsara izany . miala tsiny amin 'ilay sary somary mapme kely efa nahita gidro daholo isika na amin 'ny fahitalavitra izany na tany Antsimbazaza . raha miha- mahitsy tsikelikely ny gidro dia lasa mivadika ho olom- belona . izany hoe afaka lazaina koa fa ny gidro dia lasa nivadika olom- belona . ary efa naheno an' izany zah t@ ny resa- dresaka mandalo ,, na amin 'ny " biology " , na anatin 'ireny fikambana siantifika ireny koa aza
(src)="13"> And there is this idea that the apes somehow changed into a human being . and I 've seen this in multiple contexts and even inside of biology classes and even in the scientific community they 'll say : oh the ape evolved into the human or the ape evolved into the pre- human : the guy that almost stood upright , you know , the guy that was a little bit hunched back , he looked a little bit like an ape and a little bit like a human and so on and so forth .
(trg)="3"> lazain 'izy ireo : " eh ! nivadika ho olom- belona lay gidro , na koa hoe pre- humain " efa manakaiky ny fitsan- gan' olona ny fitsangany . somary mivokona kely ilay bandy ,, mbola gidro izy fa kely sisa ny tsy hitovizany amin- tsika ; ,,,,
(src)="14"> And I want to be very clear here :
(src)="15"> Even though this process did happen , that you did have creatures that over time accumulated changes , that maybe their ancestors might have looked more like this and eventually they looked more like this .
(src)="16"> There was no active process going on , called evolution .
(trg)="4"> Tiko hazava tsara eto fa : na dia nitranga aza izany ,, ka nahita ianareo zavatra boary nisedra fihovana , satria angamba ireo razam- ben 'izy ireo mitovy bebekoa amin 'iray ito , ary izy ireo indray dia mitovy aminy ray ito . tsy misy an' izany zavatra miovaova hoazy izany ,, antsoina hoe" evolution "
(src)="17"> It was not like the ape said :
(src)="18"> Gee , I would like my kids to look more like this dude .
(src)="19"> So somehow I 'm gonna get my DNA to get enough changes to look more like this .
(trg)="5"> Tsy hoe milaza ilay gidro hoe : " mba tiko ho lasa mitovitovy amin 'ny Rakoto na Rabe ny zanako " dia miova tokoa . tiko mba misy fiovana amin 'ny " ADN " ko mba hitovizako amin 'ity
(src)="20"> It is not like the DNA knew .
(src)="21"> The DNA didn 't say :
(src)="22"> Hey , it is better to be walking than to be kind of hunched back
(trg)="6"> Ilay " ADN " tsy mahay an' izany tsy nilaza mihitsy ilay " ADN " hoe : " Aleo ange mandeha mahitsy tsara toa izay mandeha mivokona na mandady otran 'ny gidro " . andeha hiezaka aho mba hiova mitovy an 'i Rakoto na i Rabe . ny " évolution " izany dia tsy takak 'izany . tsy hoe koa hoe : ohatra hoe misy hazo izay eto misy azo ito , ary izany manana voankazo tsara ilay hazo misy voankazo tsara sy mamy , ary matsiro be ilay hazo mety ho paoma izy io . ka misy karazana zava- boary otran 'ny aomby na afaka ataon- tsika koa hoe soavaly izy io . dia avy eo izy milaza hoe : " hmm ,, tia haka an' iretsy paoma iretsy aho " ary araka ny fantanao . satria izy ireo tia haka an' ireo paoma ireo , ary ny taranaka ao afara ... mieza ny manakatra an' ilay paoma ,, ka ny taranaka mifandimbin- dimby
(src)="33"> And that - you know - just because they want to get to those apples , may be the next generation .... they keep trying to raise their neck , and then after generation after generation , their necks get longer and longer and eventually they turn into giraffes .
(src)="34"> That is not what evolution is and that is not what evolution implies , although sometimes the everyday notion of the word seems to make us think that way .
(trg)="7"> lasa miha- lava miha - lava ny tenda n' izy ireo ka niafarany nivadika ho " Giraffe " . tsy izany mihitsy ny antsoina hoe" évolution " ary tsy misy idiran 'ny évolution mihitsy izany , amiin 'ny faiainana an- davan 'andro dia hafa mihintsy ny dikany ka mahaton- ga antsika manana fiheverana hafa .
(src)="35"> What evolution is , and actually this is the word that I prefer to use , it 's natural selection .
(trg)="8"> Ny tena marina ny " évolution " ,, ny teny " séléction naturel " moa ny tena ankifiziko kokoa ah
(src)="36"> Natural selection , let me write that word down .
(src)="37"> Natural selection .
(src)="38"> And literally what it means is that in any population of living organisms you 're going to have some variation .
(trg)="9"> " séléction naturelle " ao soratako izany séléction naturelle ny dikany ara- bakiteny dia isakin 'ny zava- manan 'aina rehetra " organismes vivants " dia tsy maintsy hisedra fiova ka manan- danja be io teny io eto .. ny fiova " variation " dia : jereo ange ,, fa misy fiovana kely raha mijery an' ireo zaza iray kilasy aminao ao ampianarana ianao ,, misy fiovana ao . misy ny sasany lava, sasany fohy, sasany manana lokom- bolo fotsy, sasany mainty sns, tsy voatanisa . misy fiovana foana ao ary ny " séléction naturelle dia ,, io fizotra io , izany hoe indraindray ireo zavatra manodidina no misafidy ny fiovana ny fiovana sasany dia mety tsy dia ampaninona loatra ,, fa ny sasany kosa dia misy vokany ohatra anakiray izay hita anatin 'ireo boky biolojika rehetra ,
(src)="48"> I believe they are called the peppered moth , and this was in pre- industrial revolution England , that these moths , that some of the moths were - let me see if I can draw a moth to give you the idea , you know , let me draw a couple of them ,
(src)="49"> let me draw a few peppered moths .
(src)="50"> A couple of peppered moths there .
(trg)="10"> " la phalène de bouleau " anarana lolo io ka talohan 'ny " révolution industrielle " tany Angletera dia ireto lolo ,, ny sasany tamin 'ireo lolo dia ,,,, ao amboariko eto ny sarin 'ny ilay lolo mba ahafan- taranareo azy ireo ,, ao ampiako vitsivitsy izy ireo ao ampiako kely ny isany misy antokona lolo zao etsy ,, ao ampiako anakiray indray . ka ny ankamaroan 'ny lolo tany tamin 'izany dia ity karazany ity ,