# en/-10-000-gold.xml.gz
# zh/-10-000-gold.xml.gz


# en/1929-or-1989.xml.gz
# zh/1929-or-1989.xml.gz


(src)="1"> 1929 or 1989 ?
(trg)="1"> 1929年还是1989年 ?

(src)="2"> PARIS – As the economic crisis deepens and widens , the world has been searching for historical analogies to help us understand what has been happening .
(src)="3"> At the start of the crisis , many people likened it to 1982 or 1973 , which was reassuring , because both dates refer to classical cyclical downturns .
(trg)="2"> 巴黎-随着经济危机不断加深和蔓延 , 整个世界一直在寻找历史上的类似事件希望有助于我们了解目前正在发生的情况 。 一开始 , 很多人把这次危机比作1982年或1973年所发生的情况 , 这样得类比是令人宽心的 , 因为这两段时期意味着典型的周期性衰退 。

(src)="5"> The tendency is either excessive restraint ( Europe ) or a diffusion of the effort ( the United States ) .
(src)="6"> Europe is being cautious in the name of avoiding debt and defending the euro , whereas the US has moved on many fronts in order not to waste an ideal opportunity to implement badly needed structural reforms .
(trg)="3"> 如今人们的心情却是沉重多了 , 许多人开始把这次危机与1929年和1931年相比 , 即使一些国家政府的表现仍然似乎把视目前的情况为是典型的而看见的衰退 。 目前的趋势是 , 要么是过度的克制 ( 欧洲 ) , 要么是努力的扩展 ( 美国 ) 。 欧洲在避免债务和捍卫欧元的名义下正变得谨慎 , 而美国已经在许多方面行动起来 , 以利用这一理想的时机来实行急需的结构性改革 。

(src)="8"> Of course , the fall of the house of Lehman Brothers has nothing to do with the fall of the Berlin Wall .
(src)="9"> Indeed , on the surface it seems to be its perfect antithesis : the collapse of a wall symbolizing oppression and artificial divisions versus the collapse of a seemingly indestructible and reassuring institution of financial capitalism .
(trg)="4"> 然而 , 作为地域战略学家 , 无论是从政治意义还是从经济意义上 , 让我自然想到的年份是1989年 。 当然 , 雷曼兄弟公司的倒闭和柏林墙的倒塌没有任何关系 。 事实上 , 从表面上看 , 两者似乎是完全是相反的 : 一个是象征着压抑和人为分裂的柏林墙的倒塌 , 而另一个是看似坚不可摧的并令人安心的金融资本主义机构的倒塌 。

(src)="11"> The end of the East-West ideological divide and the end of absolute faith in markets are historical turning points .
(src)="12"> And what happens in 2009 may jeopardize some of the positive results of 1989 , including the peaceful reunification of Europe and the triumph of democratic principles over nationalist , if not xenophobic , tendencies .
(trg)="5"> 然而 , 和1989年一样 , 2008-2009年很可能也能被视为一个划时代的改变 , 其带来的发人深省的后果将在几十年后仍能让我们感受得到 。 东西方意识形态鸿沟的结束 , 以及对市场绝对信心的后果 , 都是历史的转折点 。 而2009年所发生的事情可能会威胁1989年革命所带来的积极成果 , 包括欧洲的和平统一和民主制度战胜了民族主义倾向 , 如果不是恐外倾向的话 。

(src)="13"> In 1989 , liberal democracy triumphed over the socialist ideology incarnated and promoted by the Soviet Bloc .
(src)="14"> For many of his supporters , it was President Ronald Reagan who , with his deliberate escalation of the arms race , pushed the Soviet economy to the brink , thereby fully demonstrating the superiority of liberal societies and free markets .
(trg)="6"> 1989年 , 自由民主战胜了由苏联集团具体化并推崇的社会主义意识形态 。 对于里根总统的许多的支持者来说 , 就是他精心策划的军备竞赛的升级 , 把苏联经济推向了崩溃的边缘 , 从而充分显示了自由社会和自由市场的优越性 。

(src)="16"> First , and perhaps above all , the revolutions of 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union put an end to global bipolarity .
(src)="17"> By contrast , 2009 is likely to pave the way to a new form of bipolarity , but with China substituting for the Soviet Union .
(trg)="7"> 当然 , 现在的情况和1989年的情况明显不同了 。 首先 , 也许是最重要的 , 1989年的革命和随后的苏联解体结束了全球的两极化 。 与此相反 , 2009年很可能会为一种新的两极化形式铺平道路 , 只是中国取代了苏联 。

(src)="18"> Second , whereas democracy and market capitalism appeared as clear – if more fragile than expected – winners in 1989 , it is difficult in 2009 , with the spread of the global crisis , to distinguish winners from losers .
(src)="19"> Everyone seems to be a loser , even if some are more affected than others .
(trg)="8"> 其二 , 民主制度和市场资本主义 , 或许要比预期的要脆弱些 , 看来确实是当时的赢家 。 而在2009年 , 随着全球危机的蔓延 , 却很难区分赢家和输家 ; 每个人似乎都是输家 , 即使有些国家比其它国家受到的影响更大 。

(src)="20"> Yet , history is unfair , and the US , despite its greater responsibility for today ’ s global crisis , may emerge in better shape than most countries from the morass .
(src)="21"> In better shape , but not alone .
(trg)="9"> 而历史是不公平的 。 尽管美国要为当今的全球危机负更大的责任 , 但美国可能会比大多数国家以更良好的势态走出困境 。 美国会恢复得更好 , 但并不是唯一能恢复的国家 。 作为哈佛大学和麻省理工学院的访问教授 , 我能看到危机过后的世界是什么样子的 。

(src)="23"> One senses something like the making of an American-Asian dominated universe .
(src)="24"> From the incredible media lab at MIT to the mathematics and economics departments at Harvard , Asians Chinese and Indians – , in particular are – everywhere , like the Romans in Athens in the first century BC : full of admiration for those from whom they were learning so much , and whom they would overcome in the coming decades .
(trg)="10"> 我们能感受到一个美国和亚洲占主导地位的世界正在形成 。 从一流的麻省理工学院的媒体实验室到哈佛大学的数学和经济系 , 亚洲人-尤其是中国和印度人-到处都是 , 犹如公元前一世纪在雅典的罗马人一样 : 他们对那里学到太多东西的人们充满了敬佩 , 而他们将在今后几十年打败他们学习的对象 。

(src)="25"> But before this new order appears , the world may be faced with spreading disorder , if not outright chaos .
(src)="26"> What , for example , will happen to a country as central and vulnerable as Egypt when hundred of thousands of Egyptians working in the Gulf are forced to return to their homeland as a result of the crisis in the oil-producing countries ?
(trg)="11"> 但是 , 在这一新秩序的出现之前 , 世界可能会面临更广泛的混沌 , 如果不是彻底的混乱的话 。 例如 , 对埃及这样一个重要而又脆弱的国家 , 有数十万的埃及人曾在海湾工作但现在因石油生产国出现的危机而被迫返回了自己的家园 , 那埃及会发生什么情况呢 ? 当富人不再那么富了 , 穷人就会更穷 。 还有 , 对于那些追求 “ 欧洲梦 ” 的外来工人 , 现在他们面临着理应是开放的欧洲国家的仇外心态可能的爆发 , 他们会有怎样的遭遇 ?

(src)="29"> The consequences of 1989 ended up being less enduring than many observers , including me , would have assumed .
(src)="30"> We can only hope that , in the end , the consequences of 2009 similarly prove to be far less dramatic than we now – intuitively and in our historical reflexes – feel them to be .
(trg)="12"> 1989年革命所带来的成果 , 最后没有包括我在内许多观察家所想象的那么持久 。 我们只能希望2009年的危机同样地最后被证明是远远低于我们现在以直觉和历史回顾的方式所感觉到的那么剧烈 。

# en/2008-financial-crisis-lessons-by-j--bradford-delong-2015-01.xml.gz
# zh/2008-financial-crisis-lessons-by-j--bradford-delong-2015-01.xml.gz


(src)="1"> What Failed in 2008 ?
(trg)="1"> 2008年败在何处 ?

(src)="3"> You actually have to implement the solution – and be willing to change course if it turns out that you did not know quite as much as you thought .
(src)="4"> That is the message of two recent books that , together , tell you everything you need to know about the 2008 financial crisis : what caused it , what can be done to prevent it from recurring , and why those things have yet to be done .
(trg)="2"> 伯克利 — 要解决问题 , 光知道做什么是不够的 。 你实际上必须实施解决办法 — — 并且在事实证明你知道的并不如你认为的那样多时 , 你得愿意改变办法 。 这就是两本新书一起告诉你的信息 。 这两本新书讲述了你需要知道的关于2008年金融危机的一切 : 什么引起了金融危机 , 可以做什么防止它再次发生 , 以及为何这些事情还没有人去做 。

(src)="5"> The first book is The Shifts and the Shocks , by the conservative British journalist Martin Wolf , who begins by cataloguing the major shifts that set the stage for the economic disaster that continues to shape the world today .
(src)="6"> His starting point is the huge rise in wealth among the world s richest 0.1 % ’ and 0.01 % and the consequent pressure for people , governments , and companies to take on increasingly unsustainable levels of debt .
(trg)="3"> 第一本书是 《 变化和冲击 》 ( The Shifts and the Shocks ) , 作者是保守派英国记者马丁 · 沃尔夫 ( Martin Wolf ) 。 在书的开头 , 他对酝酿了至今仍在影响世界的这场经济灾难的重要变化做了归纳编目 。 首先 , 他指出世界最富有的0.1 % 和0.01 % 人群财富剧增 , 这给人民 、 政府和公司造成了日益不可持续的高负债的压力 。

(src)="7"> Meanwhile , policymakers were lulled into complacency by the widespread acceptance of economic theories such as the efficient-market hypothesis “ , ” which assumes that investors act rationally and use all available information when making their decisions .
(src)="8"> As a result , markets were deregulated , making it easier to trade assets that were perceived to be safe , but were in fact not .
(trg)="4"> 与此同时 , 决策者因为 “ 有效市场假说 ” 等经济理论的广泛接受而志得意满 , 有效市场假说认为投资者的行为是理性的 , 在作出决策时会利用一切可获得的信心 。 结果 , 市场监管被放松 , 交易被认为安全但实际并不安全的资产变得更加容易 。 结果 , 系统性风险悄然酝酿 , 并且超过了央行官员最大胆的想象 。

(src)="12"> They set inflation targets at around 2 % – leaving little room for maneuver when the water got choppy .
(src)="13"> And , most audaciously of all , the European Union introduced the euro as a common currency .
(trg)="5"> 未受检验并且最终错误的假设形成了一个只能用狂妄自大形容的决策环境 。 官员低估了尾部风险 。 它们将通胀目标设定在2 % 左右 — — 这意味着当波涛汹涌时他们根本没有多少施展空间 。 此外 , 最大胆的动作要数欧盟引入欧元作为共同货币 。

(src)="14"> Indeed , wrongheaded policymaking continued long after the crisis began .
(src)="15"> Politicians responded to worsening economic conditions by hewing as closely as possible to failed prescriptions , making sure to do no more than absolutely necessary to address the biggest economic disaster since the Great Depression .
(trg)="6"> 事实上 , 方向错误的决策在危机开始后仍然能维持了很长时间 。 政客对恶化的经济条件的反应是坚定实施错误的药方 , 对于这场大萧条以来最严重的经济灾难 , 他们除了绝对需要做的事情意外什么都不做 。

(src)="17"> In the short term , he suggests that countries with reserve currencies spend more ( especially to finance public-sector investments ) and issue more debt .
(src)="18"> Their central banks , he argues , should raise inflation targets to 3 % or even 4 % per year .
(trg)="7"> 沃尔夫给抵御这场危机开出的药方简单 、 明智并且无懈可击 。 在短期 , 他建议拥有储备货币的国家增加支出 ( 特别是公共部门投资融资 ) 、 发行更多债务 。 他指出 , 这些国家的央行应该将通胀目标提高到每年3 % 甚至4 % 。

(src)="19"> Over the medium term , according to Wolf , countries need to put in place regulatory measures that lower debt levels and discourage overleveraging .
(src)="20"> The eurozone , too , must resolve its internal contradictions , either by disbanding or by introducing “ a minimum set of institutions and policies ” that allow the monetary union to function properly .
(trg)="8"> 在中期 , 沃尔夫认为各国需要实施监管措施降低债务水平 、 阻止过度举债 。 欧元区也必须解决其内部矛盾 , 要么通过解散欧元区实现 , 要么通过引入能令货币联盟正常运行的 “ 最小限度的机构和政策组合 ” 实现 。 沃尔夫的长期解决方案包括遏制不平等 、 “ 更加全球化的监管 ” 、 更大程度的 “ 个体国家自己决定反应方式的自由 ” 以及更少受到自由市场思想束缚的经济分析 。 一开始正是自由市场思想让我们陷入了危机 。

(src)="22"> And yet , as recommendable as Wolf s proposals ’ may be , little has been done to implement them .
(src)="23"> The reasons why are found in the second book : Hall of Mirrors , by & nbsp ; my friend , teacher , and patron , Barry Eichengreen .
(trg)="9"> 但是 , 尽管沃尔夫的方案值得推荐 , 但几乎没有任何实施 。 原因可以从第二本书中找到 : 由我的朋友 、 老师和 “ 老板 ” 巴里 · 艾肯格林 ( Barry Eichengreen ) 所著的 《 镜厅 》 ( Hall of Mirrors ) 。

(src)="24"> Eichengreen traces our tepid response to the crisis to the triumph of monetarist economists , the disciples of Milton Friedman , over their Keynesian and Minskyite peers – at least when it comes to interpretations of the causes and consequences of the Great Depression .
(src)="25"> When the 2008 financial crisis erupted , policymakers tried to apply Friedman s ’ proposed solutions to the Great Depression .
(trg)="10"> 艾肯格林认为 , 我们对这场危机反应不温不火 , 原因要追溯到作为弗里德曼 ( MiltonFriedman ) 门徒的货币经济学家对凯恩斯主义和明斯基 ( MInskyite ) 主义同行的胜利 — — 至少在解释大萧条的原因和后果方面是如此 。 2008年金融危机爆发时 , 决策者试图使用弗里德曼提出的大萧条方案 。 不幸的是 , 事实证明这是错的 , 直言不讳地说 , 货币主义者对大萧条的解释在众多方面都是错误的 , 并且非常不完整 。

(src)="28"> The result is today ’ s stagnant economy , marked by anemic growth that threatens to become the new normal .
(src)="29"> The United States and Europe are on track to have thrown away 10 % of their potential wealth , while the failure to strengthen financial-sector regulation has left the world economy exposed to the risk of another major crisis .
(trg)="11"> 由此产生的政策足以阻止2008年后的衰退演变为完全的萧条 ; 但这一局部成功的代价也是巨大的 , 它让政客宣布危机已经被克服 , 应该采取紧缩并专注于结构改革 。 结果就是现在的经济停滞 , 其特征是增长无力并且随时可能成为新常态 。 美国和欧洲损失了10 % 的潜在财富 , 而没有强化金融部门监管让世界经济随时可能迎来新一场大危机 。

(src)="30"> Wolf and Eichengreen would agree that the main shortcomings that led to the 2008 financial crisis – and that continue to underpin our inadequate response to it – are intellectual .
(src)="31"> Indeed , the only true lesson of the crisis so far seems to be that its lessons will never truly be learned .
(trg)="12"> 沃尔夫和艾肯格林会认为 , 导致2008年金融危机的主要缺陷 — — 以及继续破坏我们对危机的不充分反应的主要缺陷 — — 是知识缺陷 。 事实上 , 到目前为止 , 危机的唯一真正教训是它的教训从未被真正汲取 。

# en/2011--my-space-odyssey.xml.gz
# zh/2011--my-space-odyssey.xml.gz


# en/2015-ttip-conclusion-critical-by-carl-bildt-and-javier-solana-2015-01.xml.gz
# zh/2015-ttip-conclusion-critical-by-carl-bildt-and-javier-solana-2015-01.xml.gz


# en/9-11-and-the-new-authoritarianism.xml.gz
# zh/9-11-and-the-new-authoritarianism.xml.gz


(src)="1"> 9 / 11 and the New Authoritarianism
(trg)="1"> 9 / 11和新独裁专制主义

(src)="3"> It has entered the history books as the beginning of something new , a new era perhaps , but in any case a time of change .
(src)="4"> The terrorist bombings in Madrid and London and elsewhere will also be remembered ; but it is “ 9 / 11 that ” has become the catchphrase , almost like “ August 1914 . ”
(trg)="2"> 袭击纽约双子塔和华盛顿五角大楼五年后 , “ 9 / 11 ” 已经不再仅仅是一个日期了 。 它已经作为一个变革时代的某种开端或者是一个新的时代的开始而载入史册 。 恐怖分子在马德里和伦敦以及其他地方制造的爆炸事件也将被人铭记 ; 但是 , 只有 “ 9 / 11 ” 几乎像 “ 1914年8月 ” 那样成为了流行语 。

(src)="7"> During the heyday of Irish terrorism in the UK , successive British governments went out of their way not to concede to the IRA the notion that a war was being waged .
(src)="8"> “ War ” would have meant acceptance of the terrorists as legitimate enemies , in a sense as equals in a bloody contest for which there are accepted rules of engagement .
(trg)="3"> 但是 , 那果真是一场开于2001年9月11日的战争吗 ? 并不是所有人都赞同这一美国式的观点 。 当爱尔兰恐怖主义在英国猖獗之际 , 各届英国政府都竭力不屈从于爱尔兰共和军的观点 , 即正在进行一场战争 。 “ 战争 ” 将会意味着把恐怖分子接受为合法的敌人 , 其含义与具有认同的交战规则的一场血腥战争的对等体相同 。

(src)="9"> This is neither a correct description nor a useful terminology for terrorist acts , which are more correctly described as criminal .
(src)="10"> By calling them war – and naming an opponent , usually al-Qaeda and its leader , Osama bin Laden – the United States government has justified domestic changes that , before the 9 / 11 attacks , would have been unacceptable in any free country .
(trg)="4"> 这既非对恐怖主义行为的正确描述 , 也不是有用的词汇 。 恐怖分子应该更为准确地被称为罪犯 。 但是通过称之为战争 、 并把基地组织及其领导人本拉登点名为对手 , 美国政府给某些国内变化提供了理由 。 这些国内变化在9 / 11袭击之前是不会被任何自由国家所接受的 。

(src)="12"> Though some of the changes simply involved administrative regulations , the Patriot Act ’ s overall effect was to erode the great pillars of liberty , such as habeas corpus , the right to recourse to an independent court whenever the state deprives an individual of his freedom .
(src)="13"> From an early date , the prison camp at Guantánamo Bay in Cuba became the symbol of something unheard of : the arrest without trial of “ illegal combatants ” who are deprived of all human rights .
(trg)="5"> 这些变化的大多数都体现在所谓的 “ 美国爱国者法案 ” 上 。 尽管某些变化仅仅涉及到行政规定 , 但是 , 爱国者法案的整体效果却是侵蚀自由的支柱 , 例如人身保护 , 也就是无论何时国家剥夺个人自由 , 均有向独立法院寻求救助的权利 。 很久以来 , 古巴关塔那摩湾的战俘营成为了闻所未闻的象征 , 也就是不经审判逮捕被剥夺所有人权的 “ 非法战斗人员 ” 。

(src)="15"> For everyone else , a kind of state of emergency was proclaimed that has allowed state interference in essential civil rights .
(src)="16"> Controls at borders have become an ordeal for many , and police persecution now burdens quite a few .
(trg)="6"> 如今 , 世界并不知道在多少地方还有多少更多的遭受非人待遇的人 。 对于其他所有人而言 , 好像是宣布了某种紧急状态 , 允许国家干涉基本民权 。 边境检查已经成为许多人的煎熬 , 警察起诉给很多人带来了负担 。 一种恐惧的气候让任何看似可疑或者行为可疑的人 、 特别是穆斯林生活困难 。

(src)="19"> On the contrary , by and large it was the critics , not the supporters , of these measures who found themselves in trouble .
(src)="20"> In Britain , where Prime Minister Tony Blair supported the US attitude entirely , the government introduced similar measures and even offered a new theory .
(trg)="7"> 当采取这些限制自由的措施的时候并没有遇到很多公众的反对 。 相反 , 总体而言 , 那些措施的批评者 , 而非支持者发现遇到了麻烦 。 在英国 , 布莱尔首相全力支持美国的态度 , 政府引入了类似的措施 , 甚至提出了一个新的理论 。 布莱尔第一个主张安全是第一自由 。 换言之 , 自由并非是个人确定自身生活的权利 , 而是国家以安全的名义限制个人自由的权利 。 只有国家才能确定安全的含义 。 这就是一个新的独裁主义的开始 。

(src)="26"> There is even a debate and – indeed some evidence – concerning the question of whether involvement in the war “ against terrorism has ” actually increased the threat of terrorist acts .
(src)="27"> Germans certainly use this argument to stay out of the action wherever possible .
(trg)="8"> 这一问题存在于所有受到恐怖主义威胁的国家 , 尽管在许多国家中这已经变得非常具体 。 在大多数欧洲大陆国家 , ” 9 / 11 “ 已经成为一个美国人的日子 。 甚至还有人辩论 , 而且确实还有证据表明 , 参与到 “ 反恐战争 ” 之中是否实际上增加了恐怖主义行动的威胁 。 德国人当然在可能的情况下利用这一论点置身度外 。

(src)="28"> This stance , however , has not prevented the spread of something for which a German word is used in other languages , too : Angst .
(src)="29"> A diffuse anxiety is gaining ground .
(trg)="9"> 但是 , 这一立场并没有防止德语中所说的忧虑的扩散 。 一种弥散性的焦虑正在扩大 。 人们感到不安 , 特别是在旅行的时候 。 任何一个火车事故或者飞机坠毁现在都首先被怀疑是恐怖主义行为 。

(src)="33"> While terrorism is fought in the name of democracy , the fight has in fact led to a distinct weakening of democracy , owing to official legislation and popular angst .
(src)="34"> One of the worrying features of the 9 / 11 attacks is that it is hard to see their purpose beyond the perpetrators resentment ’ of the West and its ways .
(trg)="10"> 这样 , 9 / 11已经直接或间接地意味着一个巨大的震惊事件 , 在心理上以及对于政治体系而言都是如此 。 尽管以民主的名义与恐怖主义作战 , 实际上这一斗争由于官方的立法以及民众的忧虑而已经导致对民主明显的削弱 。 9 / 11攻击的令人担忧的特性之一就是除了罪犯们仇恨西方及其生活方式之外 , 很难看到他们的目的 。 但是西方社会的主要特征 , 即民主和法治却已经在捍卫者手中遭到了严重的损害 , 其程度超过远远超过其攻击者 。

(src)="37"> First , we must make certain that the relevant legislation to meet the challenge of terrorism is strictly temporary .
(src)="38"> Some of today ’ s restrictions on habeas corpus and civil liberties have sunset clauses restricting their validity ; all such rules should be re-examined by parliaments regularly .
(trg)="11"> 最重要的是 , 需要采取两个步骤来在受到9 / 11后果影响的民主国家恢复对自由的信心 。 首先 , 我们必须确保应对恐怖主义挑战的相关立法是严格具有时限的 。 当今的某些对人身自由以及民权的限制含有限制其时效的废止条款 。 所有这些法规都应当定期接受议会的重新审查 。

(src)="40"> The terrorists with whom we are currently at “ war cannot win ” , because their dark vision will never gain broad popular legitimacy .
(src)="41"> That is all the more reason for democrats to stand tall in defending our values – first and foremost by acting in accordance with them .
(trg)="12"> 第二 , 也是更为重要的是 , 我们的领导人应当力求平息 、 而不是利用公众的焦虑 。 我们目前 “ 交战 ” 的恐怖分子无法获胜 , 因为他们的黑暗的观点永远不会赢得广泛的公众合法认可 。 这也就是民主派人士应当身先士卒 、 首要地以遵循我们的价值观的方式来捍卫它们的原因 。

# en/9-11-in-perspective.xml.gz
# zh/9-11-in-perspective.xml.gz


(src)="1"> 9 / 11 in Perspective
(trg)="1"> 9 · 11 : 十年后的盘点

(src)="2"> NEW YORK – It was a decade ago that 19 terrorists took control of four planes , flew two into the twin towers of the World Trade Center , hit the Pentagon with a third , and crashed the fourth in a field in Pennsylvania after passengers resisted and made it impossible for the terrorists to complete their malevolent mission .
(src)="3"> In a matter of hours , more than 3,000 innocent people , mostly Americans , but also people from 115 other countries , had their lives suddenly and violently taken from them .
(trg)="2"> 纽约 — — 十年前 , 19名恐怖分子劫持了四架民航客机 , 其中两架撞上世贸中心双子塔 , 第三架撞击了五角大楼 , 第四架在乘客的反抗下无法完成袭击 , 坠毁于宾夕法尼亚旷野 。 只不过几个小时 , 3000多无辜平民被突如其来的暴行夺去了生命 , 其中大多是美国人 , 但也有来自其他115个国家的人 。

(src)="4"> September 11 , 2001 , was a terrible tragedy by any measure , but it was not a historical turning point .
(src)="5"> It did not herald a new era of international relations in which terrorists with a global agenda prevailed , or in which such spectacular terrorist attacks became commonplace .
(trg)="3"> 2001年9月11日 , 以任何标准看都是一个可怕的惨剧 , 但它并非一个历史转折点 。 它并未开启一个由全球恐怖主义主导国际关系的新时代 , 类似的大规模恐怖袭击也没有变成家常便饭 。 虽然人们在 “ 全球反恐战争 ” 上投注了大量精力 , 但是过去10年最重要的进展是信息技术的创新与传播 、 全球化 、 伊拉克与阿富汗战争以及中东的政治动荡 。

(src)="8"> As for the future , it is much more likely to be defined by the United States need ’ to put its economic house in order ;
(src)="9"> China s trajectory within ’ and beyond its borders ; and the ability of the world s governments ’ to cooperate on restoring economic growth , stemming the spread of nuclear weapons , and meeting energy and environmental challenges .
(trg)="4"> 未来一个阶段的关键 , 则是美国整修其经济大厦的努力 , 中国在国内国际事务中的走向 , 各国政府在重振经济增长 、 控制核扩散以及应对能源与环境挑战方面的合作能力 。